Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar-

Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar (1736–1799) is the author of Varthamanappusthakam(1790), the first ever travelogue in an Indian language. He was Administrator (Governador) of the Archdiocese of Cranganore from 1786 till his death.

He was also a polyglot, an efficient administrator and a Syro-Malabar Catholic Churchpriest of Kerala who tried to bring about unity in the Church and also to maintain its unique heritage.

Paremmakkal Thoma was born as the fourth child of Paremmakkal Itty Chandy and Anna of Kadanad in Kottayam district on 10 September 1736. Initially he studied Sanskrit and Syriac from teachers nearby. Then he joined Alengad Seminary to learn Latin and Portuguese and for priesthood. In 1761, he was ordained as a Kathanar (priest). He served as vicar in different churches up to 1778.

Thomma Kathanar made tireless efforts to bring about unity in the Church in Kerala which had split following the Coonan Cross Oath. He also strived to get bishops from among the members of the Catholic Church in Kerala, and also to retain the rich heritage of the Malabar Church. In order to achieve those goals he undertook a hard and perilous journey to Rome in 1778 along with Mar Joseph Kariattil.

The description of this journey is recorded in his book Varthamanapusthakam, considered to be the first travelogue among all Indian languages. The historic journey to Rome to represent the grievances of Kerala's Syrian Catholics started from the boat jetty in Athirampuzha in 1785. From Athirampuzha they first proceeded to Kayamkulam by a country-boat. The journey then took them to Chinnapattanam, as Chennai was then known. From there they went to Kandy in Ceylon (Sri Lanka of today). From Ceylon they sailed to Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa. They were to sail to Portugal from there but adverse winds drifted their ship in the Atlantic Ocean taking it to the coast of Latin America. A further journey from the Latin American coast took them to their destination.

The journey to the destination took more than a year. While they were in Europe, Mar Joseph Kariattil was ordained in Portugal as the Bishop of Kodungalloor Archdiocese. The two representatives of the Kerala Catholic Church succeeded in convincing the church authorities in Rome and Lisbon about the problems in Kerala Church. On their way back home they stayed in Goa where Mar Kariattil died. Upon realizing that his end was near, Mar Kariattil appointed Thoma Kathanar as the Governador (governor) of Cranganore Archdiocese after him,and handed over the cross, chain and ring, the tokens of his power, which had been presented to him by the Portuguese queen.

The new Governador administered the affairs of the church establishing his headquarters at Angamaly. In 1792, the headquarters of the Archdiocese had to be shifted to Vadayar because of the attacks of Tippu Sultan. In the last four years of his life, Thoma Kathanar managed church administration from his own parish, Ramapuram.

Psychology

Psychology is an academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors. Psychology has the immediate goal of understanding individuals and groups by both establishing general principles and researching specific cases, and by many accounts it ultimately aims to benefit society. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neuro biological processes that underlie certain cognitive functions and behaviors.

Psychologists explore concepts such as perception, cognition, attention, emotion,phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships. Psychologists of diverse stripes also consider the unconscious mind.Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. In addition, or in opposition, to employing empirical and deductive methods, some—especially clinical and counseling psychologists—at times rely upon symbolic interpretation and other inductive techniques. Psychology has been described as a "hub science", with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the social sciences, natural sciences, medicine, and the humanities, such as philosophy.

While psychological knowledge is often applied to the assessment and treatment of mental health problems, it is also directed towards understanding and solving problems in many different spheres of human activity. The majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and behavior, and typically work in university psychology departments or teach in other academic settings (e.g., medical schools, hospitals). Some are employed in industrial and organizational settings, or in other areas such as human development and aging, sports, health, and the media, as well as in forensic investigation and other aspects of law.

The Space Shuttle

The Space Shuttle was a crewed, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraf toperated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its official program name was Space Transportation System, taken from a 1969 plan fora system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. It was used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and theHubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station.

Shuttle components included the Orbiter Vehicle (OV), a pair of recoverable Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB), and an expendable External Tank (ET) containing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The Shuttle was launched vertically like a conventional rocket with the two SRBs operating in parallel with the OV's three main engines, which were fueled from the External Tank. The SRBs were jettisoned before the vehicle reached orbit, and the ET was jettisoned just before orbit insertion using the orbiter's two Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines. At the conclusion of the mission, the orbiter fired its OMS to drop out of orbit and re-enter the atmosphere. The orbiter glided to a runway landing on Rogers Dry Lake at Edwards Air Force Base in California, or at the Shuttle Landing Facility at the KSC. After Edwards landings, the orbiter was flown back to KSC on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft, a specially modified Boeing 747.

The first orbiter, Enterprise, was built purely for Approach and Landing Tests and had no capability to fly into orbit. Four fully operational orbiters were initially built:Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis. Of these, Challenger and Columbiawere lost in mission accidents in 1986 and 2003 respectively, in which a total of fourteen astronauts were killed. A fifth operational orbiter, Endeavour, was built in 1991 to replace Challenger. The Space Shuttle was retired from service upon the conclusion of Atlantis' final flight on July 21, 2011.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research.

President Dwight D. Eisenhower established the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958.

Since that time, most U.S. space exploration efforts have been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program (LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. Most recently, NASA announced a new Space Launch System that it said would take the agency's astronauts farther into space than ever before and provide the cornerstone for future human space exploration efforts by the U.S.

NASA science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System, advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate's Heliophysics Research Program,exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic missions such as New Horizons, and researching astrophysics topics, such as the Big Bang, through the Great Observatories and associated programs NASA shares data with various national and international organizations such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite.

IMPROVE YOUR KNOWLEDGE ..

* THE FIRST EFFECT OF NOISE IS ................?
          ANXIETY AND STRESS REACTIONS.
* 'THE VALLEY OF FLOWERS, IS FOUND IN.......................?
       NORTH -WESTERN HIMALAYAS
* THE LARGEST GROUP OF PLANT IS......................?
       TRACHEOTOMY 
* AN EDIBLE RED ALGA IS..................................?
       PORPHYRY
* THE SMALLEST MAMMAL IS ............................?
    WATER SHREW.
* FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS ARE.........................?
                A,D,E,K 
* VITAMIN WHICH IS DESTROYED ON HEATING IS .........?
        VITAMIN C
* TOBACCO SMOKING ORIGINATED FROM .......?
       AMERICA
* THE PERCENTAGE OF TANNIN IN TEA LEAVES IS .....?
             18%
NUMBER OF BONES IN FACE ....................?
                   14

Sugathakumari receives Saraswathi Samman

Renowned Malayalam poetess Sugathikumari awarded with honorable Saraswati Samman 2012. The award is for her collections of 27 poems “Manalezhuthu”. On this occasion, Sugathakumari said that the award she received is the honor to Malayalam. She considers the award as a reward for serving and loving the language.  The award consist of prize money of Rs. 7.5 lakh. Earlier, Balamani Amma and Ayyappa Panicker were honored with the award in Malayalam.

( Translation In Malayalam Language)  കെ.കെ. ബിര്‍ള ഫൗണ്ടേഷന്റെ 2012-ലെ സരസ്വതി സമ്മാനം കവയിത്രിയും സാമൂഹികപ്രവര്‍ത്തകയുമായ സുഗതകുമാരിക്ക് ലഭിച്ചു. ഇന്ത്യന്‍ ഭാഷകളിലെ മികച്ച കൃതിക്ക് നല്‍കുന്ന പുരസ്‌കാരമാണിത്. 'മണലെഴുത്ത്' എന്ന കവിതാസമാഹാരത്തിനാണ് പുരസ്‌കാരം. പത്തുലക്ഷം രൂപയും പ്രശസ്തിപത്രവും ഫലകവും അടങ്ങുന്നതാണ് അവാര്‍ഡ്. 2006-ല്‍ പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കപ്പെട്ട മണലെഴുത്ത് 27 കവിതകളുടെ സമാഹാരമാണ്. മലയാളത്തില്‍ ഇതിനു മുമ്പ് ബാലാമണിയമ്മ, അയ്യപ്പപ്പണിക്കര്‍ എന്നിവര്‍ക്കു മാത്രമേ സരസ്വതി സമ്മാന്‍ ലഭിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളു.)

DO NOT WAIST OUR FOOD!!!!!!!!!!

Poverty

 is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money.Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education. Relative poverty is defined contextually as economic inequality in the location or society in which people live.

For much of history, poverty was considered largely unavoidable as traditional modes of production were insufficient to give an entire population a comfortable standard of living.^] After the industrial revolution, mass production in factories made wealth increasingly more inexpensive and accessible. Of more importance is the modernization of agriculture, such as fertilizers, in order to provide enough yield to feed the population.The supply of basic needs can be restricted by constraints on government services such as corruption, illicit capital flight, debt and loan conditionalities and by the brain drain of health care and educational professionals. Strategies of increasing income to make basic needs more affordable typically include welfare, economic freedom, and providing financial services.

Poverty reduction is a major goal and issue for many international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. The World Bank estimated 1.29 billion people were living in absolute poverty in 2008. Of these, about 400 million people in absolute poverty lived in India and 173 million people in China. In terms of percentage of regional populations, sub-Saharan Africa at 47% had the highest incidence rate of absolute poverty in 2008. Between 1990 and 2010, about 663 million people moved above the absolute poverty level. Still, extreme poverty is a global challenge; it is observed in all parts of the world, including the developed economies.

DO NOT WAIST OUR FOOD.

because many people living without food..they need your help.. please help them..

DYNASTIES AND FOUNDERS-(PSC QUESTIONS)

1. KHILJI DYNASTY= ?
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2. PALLAVA DYNASTY= ?
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3. NANDA DYNASTY= ?
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4. TUGHLAK DYNASTY= ?
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5. GUPTA DYNASTY= ?
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6. MAURYA DYNASTY= ?
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7. LODHI DYNASTY= ?
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8. CHOLA DYNASTY= ?
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9. BAHMANI KINGDOM= ?
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10. SAYYID DYNASTY= ?
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BOOKS TRANSLATORS(-PSC QUESTIONS)

1. MEGHADOOTH= ?
See Answer:

2. MANUSMRITI= ?
See Answer:

3. ABIJANASAKUNTALAM= ?
See Answer:

4. GEETHA GOVINDAM= ?
See Answer:

5.RIGVEDA= ?
See Answer:

6. ARTHASASTHRA= ?
See Answer:

7. BHAGAVAT GITA= ?
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8. HITHOPADESA= ?
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PSC-QUESTIONS- REAL NAMES..

1. NOORJAHAN= ?
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2. BEERBAL ?
See Answer:

3. MUMDAS MAGAL= ?
See Answer:

4. JAHANGIR= ?
See Answer:

5. SHAJAHAN ?
See Answer:

6. SHERSHA ?
See Answer:

7. BABAR ?
See Answer:

CHEMICAL NAMES OF SUBSTANCES-PSC QUESTIONS

CHEMICAL NAMES OF SUBSTANCES


1. SPIRIT= ?

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2. BAKING SODA= ?

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3. GLASS= ?

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4. WASHING SODA= ?
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5. RAT POISON= ?

See Answer:

6. CAUSTIC SODA= ?

See Answer:

7. PENTOTHAL= ?

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8. ASPIRIN= ?

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9. BLUE VITRIOL= ?

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10. LIMESTONE= ?

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MADHYAKALA KERALABHASHA

MADHYAKALA KERALABHASHA-(Middle Malayalam) 

Author:- Dr. Shornur Karthikeyan.

Kerala Bhasha institute.

Price:-150/-

MANIPRAVALAM

                                                          Manipravalam 

Manipravalam was a literary style used in medieval liturgical texts in South India, which used an admixture of Tamil (early Malayalamof Kerala) and Sanskrit Manipravalam is termed a mixture of Sanskrit and Tamil. Tamil language was the language of the region, part of Tamilakam, at the time of Manipravalam's genesis and use and its introduction caused a significant transition of Malayalam from Tamil in Kerala. Mani-pravalam literally means ruby-coral, where Mani means ruby in Tamil while Pravalammeans Coral in Sanskrit. Malayalam is referred to as ruby and Sanskrit as coral. This was prevalent in Vaishnavite religious literature in Tamil Nadu and literary works in general in Kerala.

Since Tamil Vatteluttu did not have characters to represent some Sanskrit sounds, letters from the Grantha script were used to represent them. Native words and grammatical endings were written using Vatteluttu, and Sanskrit words were written using Grantha. Essentially, it was a hybrid script composed of Vatteluttu and the Grantha script.

A parallel literary tradition existed during the period that derived inspiration from the Tamil poetic tradition, known by the name pattu.Leelathilakam, a work on grammar and rhetoric, written in the last quarter of the 14th century in Kerala, discusses the relationship between Manipravalam and Pattu as poetic forms. It lays special emphasis on the types of words that blend harmoniously. It points out that the rules of Sanskrit prosody should be followed in Manipravalam poetry. This particular school of poetry was patronized by the upper classes, especially the Nambudiris. The composition of this dialect also reflects the way Aryan and Dravidian cultures were moving towards a synthesis.

Dramatic performances given in Koothambalams, known by the names of Koothu and Koodiyattom, often used Sanskrit and Malayalam. In Koodiyattom, the clown (vidooshaka) is allowed to use Malayalam while the hero recites slokas in Sanskrit. Tholan, a legendary court poet in the period of the Kulasekhara kings, is believed to have started this practice. The language of Kramadeepikasand Attaprakarams, which lay down the rules and regulations for these dramatic performances, is considerably influenced by the composite literary dialect of Manipravalam. Various hagiographies on the life of the Vaishnava saint Ramanuja were in manipravalam.

GREAK TRAGEDY

                             GREAK TRAGEDY   

        

                                                          Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the theatrical culture of the city-state.Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE (from the end of which it began to spread throughout the Greek world), and continued to be popular until the beginning of the Hellenistic period. No tragedies from the 6th century and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in the 5th century have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.

                                                           Athenian tragedies were performed in late March/early April at an annual state religious festival in honor of Dionysos. The presentations took the form of a contest between three playwrights, who presented their works on three successive days. Each playwright offered a tetralogy consisting of three tragedies and a concluding comic piece called a satyr play. The four plays sometimes featured linked stories. Only one complete trilogy of tragedies has survived, the Oresteia of Aeschylus. The Greek theatre was in the open air, on the side of a hill, and performances of a trilogy and satyr play probably lasted most of the day. Performances were apparently open to all citizens, including women, but evidence is scant. The theatre of Dionysus at Athens probably held around 12,000 people.

                                                           

   All of the choral parts were sung (to the accompaniment of an aulos) and some of the actors' answers to the chorus were sung as well. The play as a whole was composed in various verse meters. All actors were male and wore masks. A Greek chorus danced as well as sang, though no one knows exactly what sorts of steps the chorus performed as it sang. Choral songs in tragedy are often divided into three sections: strophe ("turning, circling"), antistrophe ("counter-turning, counter-circling") and epode ("after-song").

Many ancient Greek tragedians employed the ekkyklêma as a theatrical device, which was a platform hidden behind the scene that could be rolled out to display the aftermath of some event which had happened out of sight of the audience. This event was frequently a brutal murder of some sort, an act of violence which could not be effectively portrayed visually, but an action of which the other characters must see the effects in order for it to have meaning and emotional resonance. A prime example of the use of the ekkyklêma is after the murder of Agamemnon in the first play of Aeschylus' Oresteia, when the king's butchered body is wheeled out in a grand display for all to see. Variations on the ekkyklêma are used in tragedies and other forms to this day, as writers still find it a useful and often powerful device for showing the consequences of extreme human actions. Another such device was a crane, the mechane, which served to hoist a god or goddess on stage when they were supposed to arrive flying. This device gave origin to the phrase "deus ex machina" ("god out of a machine"), that is, the surprise intervention of an unforeseen external factor that changes the outcome of an event. 

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THE HUMAN BODY-QUESTIONS-PSC

1. NUMBER OF BONES ?

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.2, NUMBER OF MUSCLES ?

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3. NUMBER OF BONES INHUMAN FOOT ?

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4. NUMBER OF BONES IN EACH WRIST ?

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5. NUMBER OF BONES IN HAND ?

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6. NUMBER OF BONES IN SKULL ?

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7. NUMBER OF BONES IN FACE ?

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8. NUMBER OF BONES IN CHEST ?

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9. NUMBER OF BONES IN ARMS ?

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10. NUMBER OF BONES IN EACH HUMAN EAR ?

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DUBBING OR RERECORDING

Dubbing, also known as rerecording, is the post-production process, used in film making and video production, in which vocal recording (like dialogue) occurs subsequent to the original recording stage. The term most commonly refers to the substitution of the voices of the actors shown on the screen by those of different performers speaking a different language; however the practice also involves the rerecording of audio segments and then synchronizing the recording with the existing footage. The procedure was sometimes practiced in musicals when the actor had an unsatisfactory singing voice, and remains in use to enable the screening of audio-visual material to a mass audience in countries where viewers do not speak the same language as the original performers.

                         
                                            ( Sound Rerecording)

This process whereby an actor rerecords lines spoken during filming in order to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes is called Automated Dialogue Replacement (ADR), also known as Additional Dialogue Recording. Music is also subject to the dubbing process in the post-editing stage of a film.
                       
                                        ( Sound Rerecording Room )

Films, videos and sometimes video games are sometimes dubbed into the local language of a foreign market. Where foreign distribution occurs, dubbing is common in theatrically released films, television series, cartoons and anime.

Automated Dialogue Replacement, or Additional Dialogue Recording (ADR), is the process of re-recording the original dialogue after the filming process for the purpose of obtaining a cleaner, more intelligible dialogue track (also known as "looping" or a "looping session") In the UK it is called "post-synchronisation" or "post-sync".

                                  

                                            ( Sound Rerecording Room )

In conventional film production, a production sound mixer records dialogue during filming. Accompanying noise from the set, equipment, traffic, wind, and the overall ambiance of the surrounding environment often results in unusable production sound, and during the post-production process a supervising sound editor or ADR Supervisor reviews all of the dialogue in the film and decides which lines must be re-recorded. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context or improve diction and timing.

                                  

                                          ( Sound Rerecording Room )

For animation such as computer-generated imagery or animated cartoons, dialogue is recorded to a pre-edited version of the show. Although the characters' voices are recorded in a studio, ADR is necessary whenever members of the cast cannot all be present at once.

ADR is recorded during an ADR session, which takes place in a specialized sound studio. The actor, usually the original actor from the set, views the scene with the original sound, then attempts to recreate the performance as closely as possible. Over the course of multiple re-takes, the actor repeatedly performs the lines while watching the scene, and the most suitable take becomes the final version.

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PSC GK QUESTIONS..

1. METAL THAT IS INVOLVED IN PHOTO-SYNTHESIS IS ?
A) IRON
B) MAGNESIUM
C) MANGANESE
D) COPPER

See Answer:

OFFICIAL RESIDENCE...

2. PRESIDENT-INDIA ?

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3. PRESIDENT-INDONESIA ?

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4. PRESIDENT-EGYPT ?

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5. DALAI LAMA ?

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6. PRESIDENT-YUGOSLAVIA ?

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7. PRESIDENT-FRANCE ?

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8. PRESIDENT-USA ?

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9. PRESIDENT-SOUTH KOREA ?

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10. POPE ?

See Answer:

Gautama Buddha

Gautama Buddha

Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतमबुद्ध; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded.

                                                     (Discussion between Saint Buddha)

The word Buddha is a title for the first awakened being in an era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha(P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." Gautama Buddha may also be referred to as Śākyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Śākyas").

Gautama taught a Middle Way compared to the severe asceticism found in theSramana (renunciation) movement  common in his region. He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.

( Navathulika Editor with Saint Buddha)

The time of Gautama's birth and death is uncertain: most historians in the early 20th century dated his lifetime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE^] but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE. However, at a specialist symposium on this question held in 1988 in Göttingen, the majority of those scholars who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death, with others supporting earlier or later dates. These alternative chronologies, however, have not yet been accepted by all other historians.

Gautama is the primary figure in Buddhism, and accounts of his life, discourses, and monastic rules are believed by Buddhists to have been summarized after his death and memorized by his followers. Various collections of teachings attributed to him were passed down by oral tradition, and first committed to writing about 400 years later.

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- PSC QUESTIONS-AWARDS-2012

2012-AWARDS-

VAYALAR AWARD---------AKKITHAM ACHUTHAN NAMBUTHIRI, (ANDIMAHAKALAM)
VALLATHOL AWARD------------------YUSUF ALI KECHERY
EZHUTHTHACHAN AWARD--------------ATTOOR RAVI VARMA
MUTTATHTHU VARKEY AWARD-----------N PRABHAKARAN
ASAN PURASKARAM----------------------SREEKUMARAN THAMPI
THOPPIL BHASI PURASKARAM-----------K.P.A.C LALITHA
BALAMANIYAMMA PURASKARAM-------YUSUF ALI KECHERY
O V VIJAYAN AWARD-----------------------ZACHRIYA
                                          (Alfonsammayude Maranavum Shavasamskaravum -(Short-story Collection))
KENDRA SAHITHYA AKKADAMI AWARD--- K STACHIDANANDAN,
                                                                           (  MARANNU VACHCHA VASTHTHUKAL.)
LALITHAMBIKA SAHITHYA AWARD--------O.N.V KURUP

NET/SET EXAM -PART-2

NET EXAM PART 2

NET/SET EXAM PART-3

NET EXAM PART 3

NET/ SET EXAM-PART-4

NET EXAM PART 4