tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15485212117842049692024-03-19T06:05:28.029-07:00EDUCATIONTHIS BLOG IS BASED ON EDUCATION. IF YOU LIKE THIS BLOG. YOU JUST GIVE YOUR HONOURABLE COMMENTS,,.
Here you can visit, science, history,education tips,memory tips,space science, hand made works tips.etc....... veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.comBlogger282125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-83815488373568416812019-12-31T07:19:00.000-08:002019-12-31T07:19:00.561-08:00What is credit card ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A credit card is a payment card issued to users (cardholders) to enable the cardholder to pay a merchant for goods and services based on the cardholder's promise to the card issuer to pay them for the amounts plus the other agreed charges.The card issuer (usually a bank) creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the cardholder, from which the cardholder can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance.</div>
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A credit card is different from a charge card, which requires the balance to be repaid in full each month.[2] In contrast, credit cards allow the consumers to build a continuing balance of debt, subject to interest being charged. A credit card also differs from a cash card, which can be used like currency by the owner of the card. A credit card differs from a charge card also in that a credit card typically involves a third-party entity that pays the seller and is reimbursed by the buyer, whereas a charge card simply defers payment by the buyer until a later date.</div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-71064972766476456252017-03-12T08:29:00.002-07:002017-03-12T08:29:37.104-07:00History of Search engine optimization <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>The Webmasters and content providers began optimizing sites for search engines in the mid-1990s, as the first search engines were cataloging the early Web. Initially, all webmasters needed only to submit the address of a page, or URL, to the various engines which would send a "spider" to "crawl" that page, extract links to other pages from it, and return information found on the page to be indexed. The process involves a search engine spider downloading a page and storing it on the search engine's own server. A second program, known as an indexer, extracts information about the page, such as the words it contains, where they are located, and any weight for specific words, as well as all links the page contains. All of this information is then placed into a scheduler for crawling at a later date.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Site owners recognized the value of a high ranking and visibility in search engine results, creating an opportunity for both white hat and black hat SEO practitioners. According to industry analyst Danny Sullivan, the phrase "search engine optimization" probably came into use in 1997. Sullivan credits Bruce Clay as one of the first people to popularize the term.<span style="font-size: small;"><sup> </sup>On May 2, 2007, Jason Gambert attempted to trademark the term SEO by convincing the Trademark Office in Arizona<sup> </sup>that SEO is a "process" involving manipulation of keywords, and not a "marketing service".</span></strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Early versions of search algorithms relied on webmaster-provided information such as the keyword meta tag or index files in engines like ALIWEB. Meta tags provide a guide to each page's content. Using meta data to index pages was found to be less than reliable, however, because the webmaster's choice of keywords in the meta tag could potentially be an inaccurate representation of the site's actual content. Inaccurate, incomplete, and inconsistent data in meta tags could and did cause pages to rank for irrelevant searches. Web content providers also manipulated a number of attributes within the HTML source of a page in an attempt to rank well in search engines.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>By 1997, search engine designers recognized that webmasters were making efforts to rank well in their search engines, and that some webmasters were even manipulating their rankings in search results by stuffing pages with excessive or irrelevant keywords. Early search engines, such as Altavista and Infoseek, adjusted their algorithms in an effort to prevent webmasters from manipulating rankings.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>By relying so much on factors such as keyword density which were exclusively within a webmaster's control, early search engines suffered from abuse and ranking manipulation. To provide better results to their users, search engines had to adapt to ensure their results pages showed the most relevant search results, rather than unrelated pages stuffed with numerous keywords by unscrupulous webmasters. This meant moving away from heavy reliance on term density to a more holistic process for scoring semantic signals. Since the success and popularity of a search engine is determined by its ability to produce the most relevant results to any given search, poor quality or irrelevant search results could lead users to find other search sources. Search engines responded by developing more complex ranking algorithms, taking into account additional factors that were more difficult for webmasters to manipulate.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>In 2005, an annual conference, AIRWeb, Adversarial Information Retrieval on the Web was created to bring together practitioners and researchers concerned with search engine optimization and related topics.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Companies that employ overly aggressive techniques can get their client websites banned from the search results. In 2005, the <i>Wall Street Journal</i> reported on a company, Traffic Power, which allegedly used high-risk techniques and failed to disclose those risks to its clients.<i>Wired</i> magazine reported that the same company sued blogger and SEO Aaron Wall for writing about the ban.Google's Matt Cutts later confirmed that Google did in fact ban Traffic Power and some of its clients</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Some search engines have also reached out to the SEO industry, and are frequent sponsors and guests at SEO conferences, chats, and seminars. Major search engines provide information and guidelines to help with site optimization. Google has a Sitemaps program to help webmasters learn if Google is having any problems indexing their website and also provides data on Google traffic to the website.Bing Webmaster Tools provides a way for webmasters to submit a sitemap and web feeds, allows users to determine the crawl rate, and track the web pages index status.</strong></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-22128926482644737802017-03-12T08:23:00.003-07:002017-03-12T08:23:47.388-07:00Know about Affiliate marketing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Affiliate marketing is a type of performance-based marketing in which a business rewards one or more affiliates for each visitor or customer brought by the affiliate's own marketing efforts. The industry has four core players: the merchant (also known as 'retailer' or 'brand'), the network (that contains offers for the affiliate to choose from and also takes care of the payments), the publisher (also known as 'the affiliate'), and the customer. The market has grown in complexity, resulting in the emergence of a secondary tier of players, including affiliate management agencies, super-affiliates and specialized third party vendors.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Affiliate marketing overlaps with other Internet marketing methods to some degree, because affiliates often use regular advertising methods. Those methods include organic search engine optimization (SEO), paid search engine marketing (PPC - Pay Per Click), e-mail marketing, content marketing and in some sense display advertising. On the other hand, affiliates sometimes use less orthodox techniques, such as publishing reviews of products or services offered by a partner.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Affiliate marketing is commonly confused with referral marketing, as both forms of marketing use third parties to drive sales to the retailer. However, both are distinct forms of marketing and the main difference between them is that affiliate marketing relies purely on financial motivations to drive sales while referral marketing relies on trust and personal relationships to drive sales.</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Affiliate marketing is frequently overlooked by advertisers.While search engines, e-mail, and website syndication capture much of the attention of online retailers, affiliate marketing carries a much lower profile. Still, affiliates continue to play a significant role in e-retailers' marketing strategies.</strong></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-349042634356361692016-04-15T02:18:00.003-07:002016-04-15T02:18:32.848-07:00Gujarat- state in Western India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Gujarat is a state in Western India, sometimes referred to as the Jewel of Western India.[6] It has an area of 196,024 km2 (75,685 sq mi) with a coastline of 1,600 km (990 mi), most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea and the Pakistani province of Sindh to the west. Its capital city is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The state encompasses some sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first seaports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centres in the Maurya and Gupta empires, and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from the Western Satraps era, whose geographic territories included Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, South Sindh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh states.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Gujarat was known to the Ancient Greeks, and was familiar in other Western centers of civilization through the end of the European Middle Ages. The oldest written record of Gujarat's 2,000-year maritime history is documented in a Greek book titled The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Historically, the state of Gujarat has been one of the main centres of the Indus Valley Civilization. It contains some ancient metropolitan cities from the Indus Valley such as Lothal, Dholavira, and Gola Dhoro. The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established. The ancient city of Dholavira is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. The most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. Altogether, about 50 Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by the commercial activities of its inhabitants. There is clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with Egypt, Bahrain and Sumer in the Persian Gulf during the time period of 1000 to 750 BC. There was a succession of Hindu and Buddhist states such as the Mauryan Dynasty, Western Satraps, Satavahana dynasty, Gupta Empire, Chalukya dynasty, Rashtrakuta Empire, Pala Empire and Gurjara-Pratihara Empire, as well as local dynasties such as the Maitrakas and then the Solankis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The early history of Gujarat reflects the imperial grandeur of Chandragupta Maurya who conquered a number of earlier states in what is now Gujarat. Pushyagupta, a Vaishya, was appointed governor of Saurashtra by the Mauryan regime. He ruled Giringer (modern day Junagadh) (322 BC to 294 BC) and built a dam on the Sudarshan lake. Emperor Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, not only ordered engraving of his edicts on the rock at Junagadh, but asked Governor Tusherpha to cut canals from the lake where an earlier Mauryan governor had built a dam. Between the decline of Mauryan power and Saurashtra coming under the sway of the Samprati Mauryas of Ujjain, there was a Indo-Greek incursion into Gujarat led by Demetrius. In the first half of the 1st century AD there is the story of a merchant of King Gondaphares landing in Gujarat with Apostle Thomas. The incident of the cup-bearer killed by a lion might indicate that the port city described is in Gujarat.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>For nearly 300 years from the start of the 1st century AD, Saka rulers played a prominent part in Gujarat's history. The weather-beaten rock at Junagadh gives a glimpse of the ruler Rudradaman I (100 AD) of the Saka satraps known as Western Satraps, or Kshatraps. Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I founded the Kardamaka dynasty which ruled from Anupa on the banks of the Narmada up to the Aparanta region which bordered Punjab. In Gujarat several battles were fought between the south Indian Satavahana dynasty and the Western Satraps. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni who defeated the Western Satraps and conquered some parts of Gujarat in the 2nd century CE.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Kshatrapa dynasty was replaced by the Gupta Empire with the conquest of Gujarat by Chandragupta Vikramaditya. Vikramaditya's successor Skandagupta left an inscription (450 AD) on a rock at Junagadh which gives details of the governor's repairs to the embankment surrounding Sudarshan lake after it was damaged by floods. The Anarta and Saurashtra regions were both part of the Gupta empire. Towards the middle of the 5th century, the Gupta empire went into decline. Senapati Bhatarka, the Maitraka general of the Guptas, took advantage of the situation and in 470 AD he set up what came to be known as the Maitraka state. He shifted his capital from Giringer to Valabhipur, near Bhavnagar, on Saurashtra's east coast. The Maitrakas of Vallabhi became very powerful with their rule prevailing over large parts of Gujarat and adjoining Malwa. A university was set up by the Maitrakas, which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the noted Nalanda university. It was during the rule of Dhruvasena Maitrak that Chinese philosopher-traveler Xuanzang visited in 640 AD along the Silk Road.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In the early 8th century, the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate established an Empire which stretched from Spain in the west to Afghanistan and modern-day Pakistan in the east. Al-Junaid, the successor of Qasim, finally subdued the Hindu resistance within Sindh and had established a secure base. The Arab rulers tried to expand their empire southeast, which culminated in the Battle of Rajasthan fought in 730 CE. However, the Arab invaders were defeated and repelled from the areas east of the Indus river by a Hindu alliance between the north Indian Gurjar Emperor Nagabhata I of the Pratihara Dynasty, the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty and many other local small Hindu kingdoms. After this victory, the Arab invaders were driven out of Gujarat. General Pulakesi, a Chalukya prince of Lata, received the title Avanijanashraya (refuge of the people of the earth) and honorific of "repeller of the unrepellable" by the south Indian Emperor Vikramaditya II of the Chalukya dynasty for the protection of Gujarat during the battle at Navsari where Syrian troops suffered a crushing defeat.[19] In the late 8th century the Kannauj Triangle period started. The three major Indian dynasties such as the northwest Indian Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty, the south Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty and the east Indian Pala Empire dominated India from the 8th to 10th centuries. During this period the northern part of Gujarat was ruled by the north Indian Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and the southern part of Gujarat was ruled by the south Indian Rashtrakuta dynasty.However, the earliest epigraphical records of the Gurjars of Broach, attest that the royal bloodline of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty of Dadda I-II-III (650 - 750) ruled south Gujarat. Southern Gujarat was ruled by the south Indian Rashtrakuta dynasty until it was captured by the south Indian ruler Tailapa II of the Western Chalukya Empire.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Zoroastrians from Greater Iran migrated to the western borders of South Asia (Gujarat and Sindh) during the 8th or 10th century,to avoid persecution by Muslim invaders who were in the process of conquering Iran. The descendants of those Zoroastrian refugees came to be known as the Parsi.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-46700864839311147832016-04-14T20:43:00.003-07:002016-04-14T20:43:39.090-07:00Hardcore wrestling History<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Hardcore wrestling is a form of professional wrestling where disqualifications, count-outs, and all other different rules do not apply in favor of matches that take place in both usual environments and allowing to using ladders, tables, chairs, thumbtacks, barbed wire, light tubes, shovels, baseball bats, golf clubs, hammers, axes, chains, crowbars, wrenches, tongs, all other improvised weapons used as foreign objects and can occur anywhere.Although hardcore wrestling is a staple of most wrestling promotions, where they are often used at the climaxes of feuds, some promotions (such as Big Japan Pro Wrestling, International Wrestling Syndicate and Combat Zone Wrestling) specialize in hardcore wrestling, with many matches performed in this manner.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Hardcore wrestling became acknowledged as a major wrestling style first in Japan with promotions such as Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling and W*ING. It then became successful in America with Extreme Championship Wrestling. The World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment capitalized on the success and introduced the WWF Hardcore Championship in the 1990s. The WWF soon began to turn the matches into comedy skits, illustrating the ridiculousness they involved. Hardcore contrasts with traditional mat-based wrestling, where solid technical skills are preferred over stuntwork, blood, gore, and severe shock value.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>As professional wrestling entered the mid 20th century, promoters and performers looked for ways to heighten audience excitement. Blood, while initially taboo, was found to be a significant draw, and the advent of the now-cliché "no holds barred" match marked the beginning of what is now known as hardcore wrestling. Methods were devised for wrestlers to make themselves bleed purposefully as part of their performance. Wrestlers such as "Wild Bull" Curry, "Classy" Freddie Blassie, Dory Funk, Sr. and Giant Baba were among those who introduced the bloody brawling style which caught on in Japan and the American South. New match types were devised that resembled street fighting, such as matches which were held in a cage, Texas Deathmatches which incorporated weapons, and Lights Out matches which were 'unsanctioned' and took place after the rest of the scheduled card, once the house lights had briefly been turned off to signify the end of the event. The National Wrestling Alliance had Brass knuckles championships in the Texas and Florida territories, dating from the 1950s. (The Texas title was taken by World Class Championship Wrestling when it split away.)</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Brawling continued to evolve and grow in popularity in America through the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The Detroit territory was home to The Sheik, Abdullah the Butcher and Bobo Brazil, and featured long, bloody brawls. The Puerto Rico territory featured Carlos Colón, The Invader and Abdullah, and introduced fire as an element of violence. The Memphis territory featured Jerry Lawler, Terry Funk, Eddie Gilbert and Bill Dundee and introduced the empty arena match and fighting among the crowd into the concession stands, improvising attacks with whatever appliances could be found. More specialties such as ladder matches, scaffold matches and Dog Collar matches were introduced. The NWA eventually instituted a World Brass Knuckles Championship, which was active in the Tennessee territory from 1978 to 1980.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-43052756880876791062016-04-14T20:41:00.001-07:002016-04-16T01:10:39.580-07:00Arena México 60th Anniversary Show<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Arena México 60th Anniversary Show is an upcoming major professional wrestling show produced by the Mexican lucha libre professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ("World Wrestling Council"; CMLL) scheduled for April 29, 2016 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The annual event commemorates the 1956 opening of Arena México, nicknamed "The Cathedral of Lucha Libre", CMLL's main venue the largest arena ever built specifically for professional wrestling. The show will feature the finals of a three week long annually occurring Torneo Nacional de Parejas Increibles tournament.</b></span></div>
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<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/9384761540/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=3626&creative=24790&creativeASIN=9384761540&linkCode=as2&tag=e011d-21"><img border="0" src="http://ws-in.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/q?_encoding=UTF8&ASIN=9384761540&Format=_SL250_&ID=AsinImage&MarketPlace=IN&ServiceVersion=20070822&WS=1&tag=e011d-21" ></a><img src="http://ir-in.amazon-adsystem.com/e/ir?t=e011d-21&l=as2&o=31&a=9384761540" width="1" height="1" border="0" alt="" style="border:none !important; margin:0px !important;" />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In 1933 professional wrestling promoter Salvador Lutteroth held his first Lucha Libre show as Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ("Mexican Wrestling Enterprise"; EMLL) at Arena Modelo.Lutteroth would later move EMLL to Arena Coliseo, but that venue turned out to be too small in the long run and Lutteroth funded the creation of Arena México on calle Doctor Lavista #203, Colonia Doctores. on the intersection of Dr.Rafael Lucio, Dr. Carmona and Valle. The building was completed in 1956 and is to this day the largest arena built specifically for professional wrestling. The arena opened in April, 1956 and ever since then EMLL has celebrated the Aniversario de Arena México in April of each year. In 1991 EMLL was renamed Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ("World Wrestling Enterprise"; CMLL), only three years after it became the oldest, still-active professional wrestling promotion in the world.[4] The 2016 version of the Anniversary show will be the 60th show, making it the third longest annual professional wrestling show, after the CMLL Anniversary Shows that began in 1934 and the Arena Coliseo anniversary show that began in 1944.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Over the years the Aniversario de Arena México show has hosted significant headline matches including several Lucha de Apuestas, or bet matches, where the loser of the match was forced to unmask or have their hair shaved off. The first documented example of a Lucha de Apuesta match headlinging a show was at the 12. Aniversario where Huracán Ramírez defeated El Enfermero, forcing him to unmask. In the main event of the 19. Aniversario, on May 25, 1975, Perro Aguayo defeated long time rival Ray Mendoza to force Mendoza to be shaved bald afterwards. Two years later, at the 20. Aniversario, Fishman gained one of the biggest victories of his career when he defeated El Faraón, forcing El Faraón to unmask and reveal his real name.Two years later (22. Aniversario) El Faraón and Ringo Mendoza successfully defended their hair as they defeated Alfonso Dantés and Sangre Chicana in the main event Lucha de Apuestas match.The most recent major mask match took place on April 3, 1992 at the 36. Aniversario, in the main event Blue Panther defeated American Love Machine when Love Machine was disqualified for usning an illegal move that he did not realize was illegal in Mexico, forcing himself to unmask and reveal that he was actually Art Barr under the mask. The most recent major Lucha de Apuesta hair match was at the 44. Aniversario show where Shocker defeated Vampiro Canadiense, leaving the Canadian bald as a result.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In recent years the Aniversario shows have hosted part of all of one of CMLL's annual Spring tournaments. The 38. Aniversario show, hosted the 1994 International Gran Prix tournament where Rayo de Jalisco Jr. defeated King Haku in the finals of the 16-man tournament.The 39. Aniversario featured the 1995 Gran Alternativa tournament, which was won by Shocker and Silver King when they defeated Astro Rey Jr. and Dr. Wagner Jr.The focal point of the 43 Aniversario show was the first of that year's Gran Alternativa tournament. The tournament was won by Último Guerrero and Blue Panthera as they defeated Atlantico and Mr. Niebla. It would be 11 years later before the Aniversario shows would host another tournament, as the 2010 Gran Alternativa was part of the 54. Aniversario show. That year the team of Pólvora and Héctor Garza defeated Diamante and La Sombra to qualify for the Gran Alternativa tournament two weeks later. The following year (55. Aniversario) CMLL held two matches in their Forjando un Ídolo tournament series, Hijo del Signo defeated Puma King and Diamante defeated Hombre Bala Jr.In 2012, at the 56. Aniversario show, CMLL held a round of their En Busca de un Ídolo ("In search of an Idol") tournament, where Tritón defeated Puma King and Pólvora defeated Dragon Lee.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-38278091277760074892016-04-14T20:38:00.000-07:002016-04-14T20:38:16.064-07:00History of rail transport in India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The history of rail transport in India began in the mid-nineteenth century.Prior to 1850, there were no railway lines in the country. This changed with the first railway in 1853. Railways were gradually developed, for a short while by the British East India Company and subsequently by the Colonial British Government, primarily to transport troops for their numerous wars, and secondly to transport cotton for export to mills in UK. Transport of Indian passengers received little interest till 1947 when India got freedom and started to develop railways in a more judicious manner.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>By 1929, there were 66,000 km (41,000 mi) of railway lines serving most of the districts in the country. At that point of time, the railways represented a capital value of some £687 million, and carried over 620 million passengers and approximately 90 million tons of goods a year.The railways in India were a group of privately owned companies, mostly with British shareholders and whose profits invariably returned to Britain. The military engineers of the East India Company, later of the British Indian Army, contributed to the birth and growth of the railways which gradually became the responsibility of civilian technocrats and engineers. However, construction and operation of rail transportation in the North West Frontier Province and in foreign nations during war or for military purposes was the responsibility of the military engineers.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The first train in the country had run between Roorkee and Piran Kaliyar on December 22, 1851 to temporarily solve the then irrigation problems of farmers, large quantity of clay was required which was available in Piran Kaliyar area, 10 km away from Roorkee. The necessity to bring clay compelled the engineers to think of the possibility of running a train between the two points. In 1845, along with Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, Hon. Jaganath Shunkerseth (known as Nana Shankarsheth) formed the Indian Railway Association. Eventually, the association was incorporated into the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, and Jeejeebhoy and Shankarsheth became the only two Indians among the ten directors of the GIP railways. As a director, Shankarsheth participated in the very first commercial train journey in India between Bombay and Thane on 16 April 1853 in a 14 carriage long train drawn by 3 locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib. It was around 21 miles in length and took approximately 45 minutes.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>A British engineer, Robert Maitland Brereton, was responsible for the expansion of the railways from 1857 onwards. The Calcutta-Allahabad-Delhi line was completed by 1864. The Allahabad-Jabalpur branch line of the East Indian Railway opened in June 1867. Brereton was responsible for linking this with the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, resulting in a combined network of 6,400 km (4,000 mi). Hence it became possible to travel directly from Bombay to Calcutta via Allahabad. This route was officially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Verne's book Around the World in Eighty Days. At the opening ceremony, the Viceroy Lord Mayo concluded that "it was thought desirable that, if possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform system".</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>By 1875, about £95 million (equal to £117 billion in 2012) were invested by British companies in Indian guaranteed railways.[6] It later transpired that there was heavy corruption in these investments, on the part of both, members of the British Colonial Government in India, and companies who supplied machinery and steel in Britain. This resulted in railway lines and equipment costing nearly double what they should have costed.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>By 1880 the network route was about 14,500 km (9,000 mi), mostly radiating inward from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives and in 1896 sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railways.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In 1900, the GIPR became a British government owned company. The network spread to the modern day states of Assam, Rajasthan, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and soon various independent kingdoms began to have their own rail systems. In 1901, an early Railway Board was constituted, but the powers were formally invested under Lord Curzon. It served under the Department of Commerce and Industry and had a government railway official serving as chairman, and a railway manager from England and an agent of one of the company railways as the other two members. For the first time in its history, the Railways began to make a profit.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In 1907, almost all the rail companies were taken over by the government. The following year, the first electric locomotive made its appearance. With the arrival of World War I, the railways were used to meet the needs of the British outside India. With the end of the war, the railways were in a state of disrepair and collapse.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>In 1920, with the network having expanded to 61,220 km, a need for central management was mooted by Sir William Acworth. Based on the East India Railway Committee chaired by Acworth, the government took over the management of the Railways and detached the finances of the Railways from other governmental revenues.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The growth of the rail network significantly decreased the impact of famine in India. According to Robin Burgess and Dave Donaldson, "the ability of rainfall shortages to cause famine disappeared almost completely after the arrival of railroads.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-52744257015132847582016-04-14T20:35:00.000-07:002016-04-14T20:35:13.455-07:00The Indus Valley Civilisation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilisation (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) mainly in northwest South Asia, extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.Along with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia it was one of three early civilisations of the Old World, and of the three the most widespread. It flourished in the basins of the Indus River, one of the major rivers of Asia, and along a system of perennial, mostly monsoon-fed, rivers that once coursed in the vicinity of the seasonal Ghaggar-Hakra river in northwest India and eastern Pakistan.Aridification of this region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial spur for the urbanisation associated with the civilisation, but eventually also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise, and to scatter its population eastward.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>At its peak, the Indus Civilisation may have had a population of over five million.Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin). The Indus cities are noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Indus Valley Civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation, after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India, and now is Pakistan.The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards, Mohenjo-Daro, was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj. Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999. There were earlier and later cultures, often called Early Harappan and Late Harappan, in the same area of the Harappan Civilisation. The Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures. As of 1999, over 1,056 cities and settlements had been found, of which 96 have been excavated,mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries. Among the settlements were the major urban centres of Harappa, Mohenjo-daro (UNESCO World Heritage Site), Dholavira, Ganeriwala in Cholistan and Rakhigarhi.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Harappan language is not directly attested and its affiliation is uncertain since the Indus script is still undeciphered. A relationship with the Dravidian or Elamo-Dravidian language family is favored by a section of scholars.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-15902446895600604532016-04-14T20:30:00.003-07:002016-04-14T20:30:36.290-07:00Early Vedic Period and Later Vedic period<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>These migrations may have been accompanied with violent clashes with the people who already inhabited this region. The Rig Veda contains accounts of conflicts between the Aryas and the Dasas and Dasyus. The Rig Veda describes Dasas and Dasyus as people who do not perform sacrifices (akratu) or obey the commandments of gods (avrata). Their speech is described as mridhra which could variously mean soft, uncouth, hostile, scornful or abusive. Other adjectives which describe their physical appearance are subject to many interpretations. However, many modern scholars connect the Dasas and Dasyus to Iranian tribes Dahae and Dahyu and believe that Dasas and Dasyus were early Indo–Aryan immigrants who arrived into the subcontinent before the Vedic Aryans.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Internecine military conflicts between the various tribes of Vedic Aryans are also described in the Rig Veda. Most notable of such conflicts was the Battle of Ten Kings, which took place on the banks of the river Parushni (modern day Ravi). The battle was fought between the tribe Bharatas, led by their chief Sudas, against a confederation of ten tribes— Puru, Yadu, Turvasha, Anu, Druhyu, Alina, Bhalanas, Paktha, Siva, Vishanin. Bharatas lived around the upper regions of the river Saraswati, while Purus, their western neighbours, lived along the lower regions of Saraswati. The other tribes dwelt north-west of the Bharatas in the region of Punjab.Division of the waters of Ravi could have been a reason for the war. The confederation of tribes tried to inundate the Bharatas by opening the embankments of Ravi, yet Sudas emerged victorious in the Battle of Ten Kings.[40] Purukutsa, the chief of Purus, was killed in the battle and the Bharatas and the Purus merged into a new tribe Kuru after the war.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>After the 12th century BCE, as the Rig Veda had taken its final form, the Vedic society transitioned from semi-nomadic life to settled agriculture. Vedic culture extended into the western Ganges Plain.The Gangetic plains had remained out of bounds to the Vedic tribes because of thick forest cover. After 1000 BCE, the use of iron axes and ploughs became widespread and the jungles could be cleared with ease. This enabled the Vedic Aryans to settle at the western Gangetic plains.Many of the old tribes coalesced to form larger political units.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Vedic religion was further developed when the Indo-Aryans migrated into the Ganges Plain after c. 1100 BCE and became settled farmers, further syncretising with the native cultures of northern India. In this period the varna system emerged, state Kulke and Rothermund, which in this stage of Indian history were "hierarchical order of estates which reflected a division of labor among various social classes". The Vedic period estates were three, Brahmin priests and warrior nobility were first, peasants and traders as second, and laborers and artisans belonging to indigenous (non-Aryan) people were third.This was a period where agriculture, metal and commodity production as well trade greatly expanded, and the Vedic era texts including the early Upanishads and many Sutras important to later Hindu culture were completed.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Kuru Kingdom, the earliest Vedic "state", was formed by a "super-tribe" which joined several tribes in a new unit. To govern this state, Vedic hymns were collected and transcribed, and new rituals were developed, which formed the now orthodox Srauta rituals.Two key figures in this process of the development of the Kuru state were the king Parikshit and his successor Janamejaya, transforming this realm into the dominant political and cultural power of northern Iron Age India.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The most famous of new religious sacrifices that arose in this period were the Ashvamedha (horse sacrifice). This sacrifice involved setting a consecrated horse free to roam the kingdoms for a year. The horse was followed by a chosen band of warriors. The kingdoms and chiefdoms in which the horse wandered had to pay homage or prepare to battle the king to whom the horse belonged. This sacrifice put considerable pressure on inter-state relations in this era. This period saw also the beginning of the social stratification by the use of Varna, the division of Vedic society in Kshatriya, Brahmins, Vaishya and Shudra.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Kuru kingdom declined after its defeat by the non-Vedic Salva tribe, and the political centre of Vedic culture shifted east, into the Panchala kingdom on the Ganges. Later, the kingdom of Videha emerged as a political centre farther to the East, in what is today southern Nepal and northern Bihar state in India, reaching its prominence under the king Janaka, whose court provided patronage for Brahmin sages and philosophers such as Yajnavalkya and Uddalaka Aruni.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>By the 6th century BCE, the political units consolidated into large kingdoms called Mahajanapadas. The process of urbanisation had begun in these kingdoms and commerce and travel, even over regions separated by large distances became easy. Anga, door step of modern-day West Bengal, a small kingdom to the east of Magadha, formed the eastern boundary of the Vedic culture. Yadavas expanded towards the south and settled in Mathura. To the south of their kingdom was Vatsa which was governed from its capital Kausambi. The Narmada River and parts of North Western Deccan formed the southern limits. The newly formed states struggled for supremacy and started displaying imperial ambitions.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The end of Vedic India is marked by linguistic, cultural and political changes. The grammar of Pāṇini marks a final apex in the codification of Sutra texts, and at the same time the beginning of Classical Sanskrit. The invasion of Darius I of the Indus valley in the early 6th century BCE marks the beginning of outside influence, continued in the kingdoms of the Indo-Greeks.[58] Meanwhile, within India, the shramana movements (including Jainism and Buddhism) challenged the authority and orthodoxy of Vedic scriptures and ritual.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-6450447276411765782016-04-14T09:04:00.003-07:002016-04-14T20:31:44.227-07:00primary education <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The United Nations Millennium Development Goal 2 is to achieve universal primary education by the year 2015, by which time they aim to ensure that all children everywhere regardless of race or gender, will be able to complete primary schooling.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Due to the fact that the United Nations OF specifically focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, as they are both home to the vast majority of children out of school, they hypothesize that they might not be able to reach their goal by 2015. According to the September 2010 fact sheet, this is because there are still about 69 million school-age children who are not in school and almost half of them are in sub-Saharan Africa and more than a quarter are in Southern Asia. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In order to achieve the goal by 2015, the United Nations estimates that all children at the official entry age for primary school would have had to be attending classes by 2009. This would depend on the duration of the primary level as well as how well the school schools retain students until the end of the cycle. In half of the sub-Saharan African countries, however, "at least one in four children of primary-school age were out of school in 2008."</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Also, not only is it important for children to be enrolled but countries will need to ensure that there are a sufficient amount of teachers and classrooms to meet the demand. As of 2010 and 2015, the number of new teachers needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone equals the current teaching force in the region.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The gender gap in the number of students not in school has also narrowed. Between 1999 and 2008, the number of girls not in school decreased from 57 percent to 53 percent globally. In some regions, however, there is a greater percentage; for example, in Northern Africa, 66 percent of "out-of-school children" are girls. </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>According to the United Nations, there are many things in the regions that have been accomplished. Although enrollment in the sub-Saharan area of Africa continues to be the lowest of all regions, by 2010 "it still increased by 18 percentage points—from 58 per cent to 76 per cent—between 1999 and 2008." There was also progress in both Southern Asia and Northern Africa, where both countries witnessed an increase in enrollment. Southern Asia increased by 11 percentage points and Northern Africa by 8 percentage points over the last decade.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Also, major advances have been made even in some of the poorest countries, again the majority of them in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. With the abolition of primary school fees in Burundi, there was an increase in primary-school enrollment since 1999; it reached 99 percent in 2008. The United Republic of Tanzania experienced a similar outcome. The country doubled its enrollment ratio over the same period. Other regions in Latin America such as Guatemala and Nicaragua as well as Zambia in Southern Africa "broke through the 90 percent towards greater access to primary education</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-47409702454050341032016-04-14T09:03:00.001-07:002016-04-14T20:31:57.148-07:00Education- in prehistory<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Education began in prehistory, as adults trained the young in the knowledge and skills deemed necessary in their society. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be readily learned through imitation, formal education developed. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid's Elements published in 1607</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe.The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, became the successor to Athens as the intellectual cradle of Ancient Greece. There, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in AD 476.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In China, Confucius (551-479 BCE), of the State of Lu, was the country's most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbors like Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Confucius gathered disciples and searched in vain for a ruler who would adopt his ideals for good governance, but his Analects were written down by followers and have continued to influence education in East Asia into the modern era.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe's modern universities.During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research.Founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Elsewhere during the Middle Ages, Islamic science and mathematics flourished under the Islamic caliphate which was established across the Middle East, extending from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indus in the east and to the Almoravid Dynasty and Mali Empire in the south.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts and sciences spread out across the globe. Missionaries and scholars also brought back new ideas from other civilisations — as with the Jesuit China missions who played a significant role in the transmission of knowledge, science, and culture between China and Europe, translating works from Europe like Euclid's Elements for Chinese scholars and the thoughts of Confucius for European audiences. The Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age. Due to this the proliferation of compulsory education, combined with population growth, UNESCO has calculated that in the next 30 years more people will receive formal education than in all of human history thus far.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a school environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system. Such choices include curriculum, physical classroom design, student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-73870888988434788572014-04-09T22:52:00.000-07:002016-04-14T08:54:30.835-07:00Kung fu- - Chinese art<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kung fu/Kungfu or Gung fu/Gongfu is a Chinese term referring to any study, learning, or practice that requires patience, energy, and time to complete, often used in the West to refer to Chinese martial arts, also known as Wushu. It is only in the late twentieth century, that this term was used in relation to Chinese Martial Arts by the Chinese community. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term "Kung-fu" as "a primarily unarmed Chinese martial art resembling karate.This illustrates how the meaning of this term has been changed in English. The origin of this change can be attributed to the misunderstanding or mistranslation of the term through movie subtitles or dubbing. In its original meaning, <i>kung fu</i> can refer to any skill achieved through hard work and practice, not necessarily martial arts. The Chinese literal equivalent of "Chinese martial art" would be <span lang="zh" xml:lang="zh">中國武術</span> <i><span lang="pny" xml:lang="pny">zhōngguó wǔshù</span></i>.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In Chinese, Gōngfu (功夫) is a compound of two words, combining 功 (gōng) meaning "work", "achievement", or "merit", and 夫 (fū) which is alternately treated as being a word for "man" or as a particle or nominal suffix with diverse meanings (the same character is used to write both). A literal rendering of the first interpretation would be "achievement of man", while the second is often described as "work and time/effort". Its connotation is that of an accomplishment arrived at by great effort of time and energy. In Mandarin, when two "first tone" words such as <i>gōng</i> and <i>fū</i> are combined, the second word often takes a neutral tone, in this case forming <i>gōngfu</i>. The word is also sometimes written as 工夫, this version often being used for more general, non-martial arts usages of the term.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Originally, to practice kung fu did not just mean to practice Chinese martial arts. Instead, it referred to the process of one's training - the strengthening of the body and the mind, the learning and the perfection of one's skills - rather than to what was being trained. It refers to excellence achieved through long practice in any endeavor. This meaning can be traced to classical writings, especially those of Neo-Confucianism, which emphasize the importance of effort in education.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the colloquial, one can say that a person's kung fu is good in cooking, or that someone has kung fu in calligraphy; saying that a person possesses kung fu in an area implies skill in that area, which they have worked hard to develop. Someone with "bad kung fu" simply has not put enough time and effort into training, or seems to lack the motivation to do so. Kung fu is also a name used for the elaborate Fujian tea ceremony (kung fu cha).</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, the phrase 功夫武術 (<i>kung fu wu shu</i>) does exist in Chinese and could be (loosely) translated as 'the skills of the martial arts'..</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-72571011455616435762014-04-09T22:47:00.002-07:002014-04-09T22:47:25.790-07:00YOGA- BEAUTY OF MIND<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"> Yoga is the physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace of mind in order to experience one's true self. The term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, <i>yujir yoga</i> (to yoke) or <i>yuj samādhau</i> (to concentrate).The <i>Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali</i> defines yoga as "the stilling of the changing states of the mind" Yoga has also been popularly defined as "union with the divine" in other contexts and traditions.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 21px;"> Various traditions of yoga are found in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. In Hinduism, yoga is one of the six </span><i style="line-height: 21px;">āstika</i><span style="line-height: 21px;"> schools (accepts authority of Vedas) of Hindu philosophy.Yoga is also an important part of Vajrayana and Tibetan Buddhist philosophy.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 13.333333015441895px;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="line-height: 21px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pre–philosophical speculations and diverse ascetic practices of first millennium BCE were systematized into a formal philosophy in early centuries CE by the <i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i>. By the turn of the first millennium, hatha yoga emerged from tantra. It, along with its many modern variations, is the style that many people associate with the word <i>yoga</i> today. Vajrayana Buddhism, founded by the Indian Mahasiddhas, has a parallel series of asanas and pranayamas, such as caṇḍālī and trul khor.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white;"> Gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th and early 20th century.In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. This form of yoga is often called Hatha yoga. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as a complementary intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma, and heart disease. In a national survey, long-term yoga practitioners in the United States reported musculo–skeletal and mental health improvements.</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-66610998233516530762014-04-08T21:51:00.005-07:002014-04-09T00:18:01.366-07:00ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known in medical literature as Alzheimer disease, is the most common form of dementia. There is no cure for the disease, which worsens as it progresses, and eventually leads to death. It was first described by German psychiatrist and neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 and was named after him. Most often, AD is diagnosed in people over 65 years of age, although the less-prevalent early-onset Alzheimer's can occur much earlier. In 2006, there were <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">26.6 million</span> people worldwide with AD. Alzheimer's is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">Although Alzheimer's disease develops differently for every individual, there are many common symptoms.</span><span style="line-height: 11.666666030883789px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 21px;">Early symptoms are often mistakenly thought to be 'age-related' concerns, or manifestations of </span>stress<span style="line-height: 21px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 21px;"> In the early stages, the most common symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events, known as </span>short term memory<span style="line-height: 21px;"> loss. When AD is suspected, the diagnosis is usually confirmed with tests that evaluate behaviour and </span>thinking abilities<span style="line-height: 21px;">, often followed by a </span>brain scan<span style="line-height: 21px;"> if available,</span><span style="line-height: 14px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">however, examination of brain tissue is required for a definitive diagnosis. As the disease advances, symptoms can include </span>confusion<span style="line-height: 21px;">, irritability, aggression, </span>mood swings<span style="line-height: 21px;">, trouble with language, and </span>long-term memory<span style="line-height: 21px;"> loss. As the person declines they often withdraw from family and society.</span><span style="line-height: 21px;"> Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.</span><span style="line-height: 21px;"> Since the disease is different for each individual, </span>predicting how it will affect<span style="line-height: 21px;"> the person is difficult. AD develops for an unknown and variable amount of time before becoming fully apparent, and it can progress undiagnosed for years. On average, the life expectancy following diagnosis is approximately seven years.</span><span style="line-height: 21px;">Fewer than three percent of individuals live more than fourteen years after diagnosis.</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">The cause and progression of Alzheimer's disease are not well understood. Research indicates that the disease is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain. Current treatments only help with the symptoms of the disease. There are no available treatments that stop or reverse the progression of the disease. As of 2012, more than 1,000 clinical trial shave been or are being conducted to test various compounds in AD. Mental stimulation, exercise, and a balanced diethave been suggested as ways to delay cognitive symptoms (though not brain pathology) in healthy older individuals, but there is no conclusive evidence supporting an effect.It is classified as a neuron degenerative disorder.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #d9ead3;">Because AD cannot be cured and is degenerative, the person increasingly relies on others for assistance. The role of the main caregiver is often taken by the spouse or a close relative. Alzheimer's disease is known for placing a great burden on caregivers; the pressures can be wide-ranging, involving social, psychological, physical, and economic elements of the caregiver's life. In developed countries, AD is one of the most costly diseases to society</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-25527785795142522102014-04-08T06:06:00.003-07:002014-04-08T06:07:54.480-07:00 BIOFERTILIZER- GOOD FOR HEALTH AND EARTH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">A biofertilizer (also <i>bio-fertilizer</i>) is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-promoting substances. Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of bio-fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Since they play several roles, a preferred scientific term for such beneficial bacteria is "plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria" (PGPR). Therefore, they are extremely advantageous in enriching soil fertility and fulfilling plant nutrient requirements by supplying the organic nutrients through microorganism and their byproducts. Hence, bio-fertilizers do not contain any chemicals which are harmful to the living soil.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Bio-fertilizers provide eco-friendly organic agro-input and are more cost-effective than chemical fertilizers. Bio-fertilizers such as Rhizobium,Azotobacter, Azospirillum and blue green algae (BGA) have been in use a long time. Rhizobiuminoculant is used for leguminous crops.Azotobacter can be used with crops like wheat, maize, mustard, cotton, potato and other vegetable crops. Azospirillum inoculations are recommended mainly for sorghum, millets, maize, sugarcane and wheat. Blue green algae belonging to a general cyanobacteria genus,<i>Nostoc</i> or <i>Anabaena</i> or <i>Tolypothrix</i> or <i>Aulosira</i>, fix atmospheric nitrogen and are used as inoculations for paddy crop grown both under upland and low-land conditions. <i>Anabaena</i> in association with water fern Azolla contributes nitrogen up to 60 kg/ha/season and also enriches soils with organic matter.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Other types of bacteria, so-called phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, such as Pantoea agglomerans strain P5 or Pseudomonas putida strain P13, are able to solubilize the insoluble phosphate from organic and inorganic phosphate sources. In fact, due to immobilization of phosphate by mineral ions such as Fe, Al and Ca or organic acids, the rate of available phosphate (P<sub style="line-height: 1;">i</sub>) in soil is well below plant needs. In addition, chemical P<sub style="line-height: 1;">i</sub> fertilizers are also immobilized in the soil, immediately, so that less than 20 percent of added fertilizer is absorbed by plants. Therefore, reduction in P<sub style="line-height: 1;">i</sub> resources, on one hand, and environmental pollutions resulting from both production and applications of chemical P<sub style="line-height: 1;">i</sub> fertilizer, on the other hand, have already demanded the use of new generation of phosphate fertilizers globally known asphosphate-solubilizing bacteria or phosphate bio-fertilizers</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">A bio-fertilizer provides the following benefits:</span></b></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Since a bio-fertilizer is technically living, it can symbiotically associate with plant roots. Involved microorganisms could readily and safely convert complex organic material in simple compounds, so that plants are easily taken up. Microorganism function is in long duration, causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil. It increases crop yield by 20-30%, replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by 25%, and stimulates plant growth. It can also provide protection against drought and some soil-borne diseases.</span></b></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Bio-fertilizers are cost-effective relative to chemical fertilizers. They have lower manufacturing costs, especially regarding nitrogen and phosphorus use.</span></b></li>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Some important groups of Bio-fertilizers</span></b></div>
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<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Azolla-Anabena symbiosis: Azolla is a small, eukaryotic, aquatic fern having global distribution.Prokaryotic blue green algae Anabena azolla resides in its leaves as a symbiont. Azolla is an alternative nitrogen source. This association has gained wide interest because of its potential use as an alternative to chemical fertilizers.</span></b></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Rhizobium: Symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium with legumes contribute substantially to total nitrogen fixation. Rhizobium inoculation is a well-known agronomic practice to ensure adequate nitrogen</span></b></li>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-42013597265353153542014-04-08T00:04:00.000-07:002014-04-08T00:04:11.288-07:00Mohiniyattam, - a classical dance form from Kerala, India<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mohiniyattam.png/220px-Mohiniyattam.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Mohiniyattam, also spelled <i>Mohiniattam</i> , is a classical dance form from Kerala, India. Believed to have originated in 16th century CE, it is one of the eight Indian classical dance forms recognised by the Sangeet Natak Akademi. It is considered a very graceful form of dance meant to be performed as solo recitals by women.</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Mohiniyattam was popularised as a popular dance form in the nineteenth century by Swathi Thirunal, the Maharaja of the state of Travancore (Southern Kerala), and Vadivelu, one of the Thanjavur Quartet. Swathi Thirunal promoted the study of Mohiniyattam during his reign, and is credited with the composition of many music arrangements and vocal accompaniments that provide musical background for modern Mohiniyattam dancers. The noted Malayalam poet Vallathol, who established the Kerala Kalamandalam dance school in 1930, played an important role in popularizing Mohiniattam in the 20th century.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">The term Mohiniyattam comes from the words "Mohini" meaning a woman who enchants onlookers and "aattam" meaning graceful and sensuous body movements. The word "Mohiniyattam" literally means <i>"dance of the enchantress"</i>. There are two stories of the Lord Vishnu disguised as a Mohini. In one, he appears as Mohini to lure the asuras (demons) away from the amrita (nectar of immortality) obtained during the churning of the palazhi (ocean of milk and salt water).</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">In the second story Vishnu appears as Mohini to save Lord Shiva from the demon Bhasmasura. The name Mohiniyattam may have been coined after Lord Vishnu; the main theme of the dance is love and devotion to God, with usually Vishnu or Krishna being the hero. Devadasis used to perform this in temples. It also has elements of Koothu and Kottiyattom. Mohiniyattam is a drama in dance and verse.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">The dance involves the swaying of broad hips and the gentle movements of erect posture from side to side. This is reminiscent of the swinging of the palm leaves and the gently flowing rivers which abound Kerala, the land of Mohiniyattam. There are approximately 40 basic movements, known as <i>atavukal</i>.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">The three pillars — Sri Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma, Sri Vallathol Narayana Menon (a poet and founder of the institution, Kerala Kalamandalam) and Smt. Kalamandalam Kalyanikutty Amma (considered “the mother of Mohiniyattam”) — contributed to the shaping out of the contemporary Mohiniyattam during the later part of the 20th century. Guru Kallyanikutty Amma cleared the mythical mystery behind the name of this dance form and gave it the most convincing explanation based on truth, social and historical evolution, interpreting Mohiniyattam as the dance of a beautiful lady than that of a mythical enchantress from heaven.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">The costume includes white sari embroidered with bright golden brocade (known as kasavu) at the edges. The dance follows the classical text of Hastha Lakshanadeepika, which has elaborate description of mudras (gestural expressions by the hand palm and fingers).</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">The Jewellery our traditional dancers wear is the typical complete set of <i>Temple Golden Finish Jewellery with a proper wide Golden Lakshmi belt</i> specially designed for Mohiniyattam. The foot steps are made tinkling with a good pair of original <i>Chilanka</i> or either known as Ghungroo or Dancing bells worn by the dancer on her legs. The performer also adorns herself with Fresh white Jasmine flowers which is decked to her hair bun arranged on the left side of the head pinned on to a beautiful Jurapin<i>, which makes Mohiniyattam artists distinct from other dance forms artists of India.</i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">The vocal music of Mohiniyattam involves variations in rhythmic structure known as <i>chollu</i>. The lyrics are in Manipravalam, a mixture of Sanskrit and Malayalam. The Mohiniyattam dance is performed to this accompaniment by the subtle gestures and footwork of the danseuse. The performer uses the eyes in a very coy, sensual manner to enchant the mind without enticing the senses.</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-41057243177546379662014-04-06T23:18:00.004-07:002014-04-06T23:18:36.437-07:00 EMILY DICKINSON-AND HER POETRY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Emily Dickinson, ‘the Belle of Amherst’ was an American poet and is considered one of the most original of 19th century American poets. She was born in Amherst, Massachusetts on December 10, 1830. Throughout her life she seldom left her house and led a secluded life, except for the short time when she attended Amherst Academy and Holyoke Female Seminary, until her death on May 15, 1886 due to Bright’s disease. Emily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary. It was later, during her midtwenties that she began to grow reclusive.</span></b></div>
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<u><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">DICKINSON AND HER POETRY</span></b></u></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> Emily Dickinson’s poems have many distinguishable features. The poet reflects her loneliness and the speaker’s of her poems generally live in a state of want. The major themes in her poetry include friends, nature , love and death. Adrienne Rich once said “Dickinson is the American poet whose work consisted</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">in exploring states of psychic extremity”. Most of her love poems are psychological and autobiographical. Dickinson never married, but reading her poems we understand that she was in love at least one point in her life. She uses the syllogistic method of reasoning to describe the importance of love that she had in her life. She says that love is life, life is eternal and therefore love is eternal.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> “That I shall love always</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">I argue thee </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">That love is life-</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> And life hath immortality-” </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">The poem “I cannot live without you” is considered the best love poem and the most famous love poem by Dickinson. She pictures the feelings of two lovers who cannot live together, cannot die together, and cannot rise after death together, cannot be judged by God together. All they can do is to maintain the possibility of communication though oceans apart.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">“So we must keep apart </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">You there, I here, </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">With just the door ajar</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> That oceans are,</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> And prayer </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">And that pale sustenance Despair” </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">As Dickinson’s life was marked by witnessing a series of deaths, the tragic deaths of those close to her we find death becoming a recurrent theme in most of her lyrics. She maintains an ambivalent attitude towards death; death being a terror and death as a relief through which she can move towards immortality. Death is personified in many poems. In the poem “Because I could not stop for Death” death is personified as a gentle, courteous and polite man who takes her on a ride in a carriage.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">“Because I could not stop for death</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> He kindly stopped for me” </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">She travels along different ways and sees different things all along this journey. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">“We passed the fields of Gazing Grain</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> We passed the setting sun”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">In the end she speaks of ‘eternity’, death leads us to an eternal world. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">She speaks of God and heaven in her religious poems.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> She craves for a day when she will be able to meet God.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> “I went to heaven</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">‘T was a small town,</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> …. </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Beautiful as pictures </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">No man drew”</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> The poem “I heard a Fly buzz- when I died” is told by a dead woman who is still speaking and hearing things. Lying on her death bed, surrounded by her family, she claims “I heard a Fly buzz – when I died”. She is irritated by the presence of the buzz which distracts the attention of the kith and kin surrounding her. In this poem death is seen as an extension of life, death as the beginning of an eternal life. Pain and suffering run all through Dickinson’s poems. She speaks about the two aspects of pain, its timelessness and its irresistible dominance.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"> “Pain has an element of blank;</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">It cannot recollect </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">When it began, or if there was </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">A time when it was not” </span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Most of her lyrics, though on the surface level seem to be mere short moral sayings have deep underlying meaning beneath. She writes aphoristically by compressing a great deal of meaning into a very small number of words. Many of her poems’ allusions come from her education in the Bible, classical mythology and Shakespeare. Dickinson did not give titles to her poems and often the first line of the poem is used as the title. She wrote short lines, preferring to be concise in her images and references and the poems did not have more than six stanzas. The rhythm in most of her poems is called the common meter or ballad meter. Both types of meter consist of a quatrain with the first and third lines having four iambic feet and the second and fourth lines having three iambic feet. She had a complete disregard for the rules of grammar and sentence</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">structure as a result of which she is said to anticipate the way modern poets use language. Her compressed use of language often becomes incomprehensible; the language instead of communicating confuses us.</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-63610943502498068042014-04-06T23:07:00.000-07:002014-04-06T23:07:52.242-07:00VIRGINIA WOOLF<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Virginia Woolf, the English author, feminist, essayist, publisher and critic, was one of the founders of modernist movement. Adeline Virginia Stephen was born on 25th January 1882 in London, as the daughter of Leslie Stephen, a manof letters and Julia Jackson Duckworth, a member of Duckworth publishing</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">family. Her youth was a traumatic one shadowed by a series of emotional shocks, with the early deaths of her mother and brother, a history of sexual abuse andthe beginnings of a depressive mental illness that plagued her intermittently throughout her life. Following the death of her father in 1904, Woolf, along with </span></b><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">her sister and two brothers moved to the house in Bloomsbury where they befriended Leonard Woolf, Clive Bell, Lytton Strachey and Maynard Keynes. This was the nucleus of Bloomsbury group. Later in 1912 she married Leonard Woolf, the political theorist, writer and critic. Woolf’s books were published by Hogarth</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Press, which she founded with her husband. During the Nazi invasion, Woolf and Leonard made provisions to kill themselves. After the final attack of menta illness, Woolf loaded her pockets full of stones and drowned herself in the river Ouse on March 28, 1941. On her note to her husband she wrote “I have a feeling I shall go mad. I cannot go on longer in these terrible times. I hear voices and cannot concentrate on my work. I have fought against it but cannot fight any longer. I owe all my happiness to you but cannot go on and spoil your life.” The Voyage Out (1915) was Woolf’s first book. Her other works include Jacob’s Room (1922), Mrs. Dalloway (1925)To the Light House (1927), The Waves (1931) Orlando: A Biography (1928), A Room of One’s Own (1929) and Three Guineas (1938)</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-10618925953083053942014-04-06T08:02:00.006-07:002014-04-06T08:02:59.485-07:00¿Qué es el periodismo ?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<u><b>¿Qué es el periodismo ?</b></u><br />
<b>El periodismo es un arte y una profesión que registra los eventos y opiniones, y trata de interpretar y moldearlos para el beneficio del público educado . El periodismo es cualquier cosa que contribuya de alguna manera en la recolección , selección, procesamiento de noticias y temas de actualidad para la prensa, la radio, la televisión, el cine , cable , internet, etc Se trata de una disciplina de la recopilación, análisis , verificación y presentación de noticias en relación con la corriente eventos, tendencias , temas y personas. Los que practican el periodismo son conocidos como periodistas . Periodismo es definido por Denis McQuail como pagado a escribir para los medios públicos con referencia a los acontecimientos reales y actuales de relevancia pública .</b><br />
<u><b>Principios y funciones del periodismo</b></u><br />
<b>El propósito central del periodismo es ofrecer a los ciudadanos información precisa y fidedigna que necesitan para funcionar en una sociedad libre . Este objetivo también incluye otros requisitos tales como ser entretenido , que actúa como organismo de control y ofrecer servicios de voz a los sin voz . El periodismo ha desarrollado nueve ideales esenciales para cumplir con la tarea.</b><br />
<u><b>1 . La primera obligación del periodismo es la verdad :</b></u><br />
<b>Periodismo no persigue la verdad en un sentido absoluto o filosófica , sino que puede y debe perseguir en un sentido práctico. Esta verdad periodística es un proceso que comienza con la disciplina profesional de montaje y la verificación de los hechos .</b><br />
<u><b>2 . Su primera lealtad es con los ciudadanos :</b></u><br />
<b>Los periodistas deben mantener la lealtad a los ciudadanos y el interés público por encima de cualquier otro si se quiere proporcionar las noticias sin temor ni favor . Este compromiso con los ciudadanos en primer lugar es la base de las organizaciones de noticias credibilidad ; para contar la audiencia que la cobertura de noticias no está inclinada para los amigos o los anunciantes. Compromiso con los ciudadanos también implica el periodismo debería presentar una imagen representativa de todos los grupos constitutivos de la sociedad.</b><br />
<u><b>3 . Su esencia es la disciplina de la verificación :</b></u><br />
<b>Los periodistas se basan en la disciplina profesional para verificar la información . Pidió un método consistente de información de pruebas - un enfoque transparente a la evidencia - precisamente para que los prejuicios personales y culturales no socavaría la precisión de su trabajo .</b><br />
<u><b>4 . Sus practicantes deben mantener una independencia con respecto a los que cubren :</b></u><br />
<b>La independencia es un requisito fundamental del periodismo , una piedra angular de su fiabilidad . Independencia de espíritu y de mente más que la neutralidad es que los periodistas principales deben mantener en foco.</b><br />
<u><b>5 . Debe servir como un monitor independiente del poder:</b></u><br />
<b>Periodismo tiene una capacidad inusual para servir como guardián de aquellos cuyo poder y posición más afectaciudadanos. Como periodistas , uno tiene la obligación de proteger esta libertad de vigilancia al no degradar en uso frívolo o explotarla para obtener beneficios comerciales .</b><br />
<u><b>6 . Debe proporcionar un foro para la crítica pública y el compromiso :</b></u><br />
<b>Los medios de comunicación son las empresas de transporte público de la discusión pública. Este debate sirve a la sociedad mejor cuando es informado por los hechos en lugar de los prejuicios y suposiciones. Exactitud y veracidad exige que como autores de los periodistas de discusión pública no descuidar los puntos de un terreno común donde se produce la resolución de problemas.</b><br />
<u><b>7 . Debe esforzarse en hacer el significativo interesante y relevante :</b></u><br />
<b>Periodismo es contar historias con un propósito. Debe esforzarse en hacer el significativo interesante y relevante . La eficacia de una pieza de periodismo se mide tanto por la cantidad de una obra se dedica a su público y lo ilumina . Esto significa que los periodistas deben preguntarse continuamente qué información tiene más valor a los ciudadanos y en qué forma .</b><br />
<u><b>8 . Se debe mantener la noticia completa y proporcional :</b></u><br />
<b>Mantener noticias en proporción y ni dejar las cosas importantes a cabo también son piedras angulares de la veracidad.Inflar los eventos para la sensación , descuidando otros, escribiendo música o estar desproporcionadamente negativo todo lo hace menos confiable. También debe incluir las noticias de todas las comunidades , no sólo aquellos con la demografía atractivos.</b><br />
<u><b>9 . Sus practicantes se les debe permitir ejercer su conciencia personal :</b></u><br />
<b>Cada periodista debe tener un sentido personal de la ética y la responsabilidad - una brújula moral. Cada uno de ellos debe estar dispuesto , si la imparcialidad y precisión requiere , para expresar las diferencias con sus colegas , ya sea en la sala de prensa o la suite ejecutiva .</b><br />
<u><b>Periodismo como profesión</b></u><br />
<u><b>Imprimir el periodismo multimedia</b></u><br />
<b>El periodismo de medios de impresión presenta diversa información a través de periódicos, revistas y libros. Los profesionales de esta corriente son - el personal, los corresponsales enviados especiales , los editores de noticias , jefe -editores , comentaristas políticos , caricaturistas , columnistas, articulistas , escritores de contenido para la revista , etc</b><br />
<u><b>el periodismo de radio</b></u><br />
<b>El periodismo de radio que funciona para transmitir noticias y diversa información a través de un importante medio de comunicación masiva entre los trabajadores y los dueños de casa . Periodistas de radio están bien versados en el funcionamiento de equipos de grabación de sonido , micrófonos y sistemas de megafonía . También deben ser eficientes en la grabación de datos digitales , operaciones de la red , sistemas de audio y computadoras</b><br />
<u><b>periodismo televisivo</b></u><br />
<b>TV es una herramienta de comunicación audiovisual. Se requiere la atención de los dos sentidos de la persona - audio y visual dirigida. De ahí que el periodista de la televisión no sólo tiene que dar agradable música , voz u otras señales de audio al público objetivo , pero también tiene para hipnotizar a ellos con la ayuda de su personalidad, el manierismo , secuencias de video y combinaciones adecuadas.</b><br />
<u><b>ciberperiodismo</b></u><br />
<b>Internet es una fuente de información de todo tipo . Periodista Internet es una persona que crea mensajes que se mostrarán en los sitios web que se van a leer , ver o escuchar por un público muy amplio . Los profesionales de esta nueva corriente son amos de la tela ; especialistas en multimedia , HTML y XHTML programadores , especialistas en Java y otros profesionales que crean y modifican los anuncios de la red. También crean sitios web que son herramientas de comunicación de masas.</b><br />
<b>Función y responsabilidades de un periodista</b><br />
<b>El deber principal de un periodista es la de actuar como intérprete del mundo que los rodea . El periodista observa los acontecimientos , transmite datos sobre el evento y actuar como intérprete de estos eventos y acontecimientos .</b><br />
<u><b>Un periodista lleva a cabo las siguientes funciones :</b></u><br />
<b>1 . Dar a conocer el mundo contemporáneo.</b><br />
<b>2 . Informar y educar a la audiencia .</b><br />
<b>3 . Promover el arte y la cultura.</b><br />
<b>4 . Entretener a la masa .</b><br />
<b>5 . Ayudar a las personas en la toma de decisiones .</b><br />
<b>6 . Hacer que la gente sensible a las cuestiones candentes .</b><br />
<b>7 . Inculcar buenos valores morales.</b><br />
<b>8 . Advierta a la gente de sus derechos.</b><br />
<b>9 . Ayudar a las personas en el estudio comparativo del pasado y del presente y en la predicción del futuro.</b><br />
<u><b>El informe MacBride detalla las responsabilidades periodísticas como :</b></u><br />
<b>1 . Responsabilidad contractual en relación con sus medios y su organización interna.</b><br />
<b>2 . Una responsabilidad social que implica obligaciones para con la opinión pública y la sociedad en su conjunto</b><br />
<b>3 . Responsabilidad alguna derivada de la obligación de cumplir con la ley.</b><br />
<b>4 . Responsabilidad para con la comunidad internacional en relación al respeto de los valores humanos.</b></div>
veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-73838383223215425572014-04-06T07:58:00.002-07:002014-04-06T07:58:31.290-07:00INTRODUCTION TO JOURNALISM <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<u><b>What is journalism?</b></u></div>
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<b>Journalism is both an art and a profession which records events and opinions and seeks to interpret and mould them for the benefit of the educated public. Journalism is anything that contributes in some way in gathering, selection, processing of news and current affairs for the press, radio, television, film, cable, internet, etc. It is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying and presenting news regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists. Journalism is defined by Denis McQuail as paid writing for public media with reference to actual and ongoing events of public relevance.</b></div>
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<u><b>Principles and functions of journalism</b></u></div>
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<b>The central purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with accurate and reliable information they need to function in a free society. This purpose also involves other requirements such as being entertaining, serving as watchdog and offering voice to the voiceless. Journalism has developed nine core ideals to meet the task.</b></div>
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<u><b>1. Journalism’s first obligation is to the truth:</b></u></div>
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<b> Journalism does not pursue truth in an absolute or philosophical sense, but it can and must pursue it in a practical sense. This journalistic truth is a process that begins with the professional discipline of assembling</b></div>
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<b>and verifying facts.</b></div>
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<u><b>2. Its first loyalty is to citizens:</b></u></div>
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<b> Journalists must maintain loyalty to citizens and the larger public interest above any other if they are to provide the news without fear or favour. This commitment to citizens first is the basis of news organizations credibility; to tell audience that news coverage is not slanted for friends or advertisers. Commitment to citizens also means journalism should present a representative picture of all constituent groups in society.</b></div>
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<u><b>3. Its essence is disciplines of verification:</b></u></div>
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<b><u></u>Journalists rely on professional discipline for verifying information. It called for a consistent method of testing information- a transparent approach to evidence- precisely so that personal and cultural biases would not undermine the accuracy of their work.</b></div>
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<u><b>4. Its practitioners must maintain an independence from those they cover:</b></u></div>
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<b>Independence is an underlying requirement of journalism, a cornerstone of its reliability. Independence of spirit and mind rather than neutrality is the principle journalists must keep in focus.</b></div>
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<u><b>5. It must serve as an independent monitor of power:</b></u></div>
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<b> Journalism has an unusual capacity to serve as watchdog over those whose power and position most affects</b></div>
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<b>citizens. As journalists, one has an obligation to protect this watchdog freedom by not demeaning it in frivolous use or exploiting it for commercial gains.</b></div>
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<b><u>6. It must provide a forum for public criticism and compromise:</u> </b></div>
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<b>The news media are the common carriers of public discussion. This discussion serves society best when it is informed by facts rather than prejudice and supposition. Accuracy and truthfulness requires that as framers of the public discussion journalists do not neglect the points of common ground where problem solving occurs.</b></div>
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<u><b>7. It must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant:</b></u></div>
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<b> Journalism is storytelling with a purpose. It must strive to make the significant interesting and relevant. The effectiveness of a piece of journalism is measured both by how much a work engages its audience and enlightens it. This means journalists must continually ask what information has most value to citizens and in what form.</b></div>
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<u><b>8. It must keep the news comprehensive and proportional:</b></u></div>
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<b> Keeping news in proportion and nor leaving important things out are also cornerstones of truthfulness.</b></div>
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<b>Inflating events for sensation, neglecting others, stereo typing or being disproportionately negative all makes it less reliable. It should also include news of all communities, not just those with attractive demographics.</b></div>
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<u><b>9. Its practitioners must be allowed to exercise their personal conscience:</b></u></div>
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<b> Every journalist must have a personal sense of ethics and responsibility- a moral compass. Each of them must be willing if fairness and accuracy requires, to voice differences with colleagues, whether in the newsroom or the executive suite.</b></div>
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<u><b>Journalism as a profession</b></u></div>
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<u><b>Print media journalism</b></u></div>
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<b>Print media journalism presents various information through newspapers, magazines and books. Professionals of this stream are – staff correspondents, special correspondents, news editors, chief-editors, political commentators, cartoonists, columnists, feature writers, content writers for magazine etc.</b></div>
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<u><b>Radio journalism</b></u></div>
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<b>Radio journalism works for broadcasting news and various information through an important medium of mass communication among workers and householders. Radio journalists are well versed with the operations of sound recording equipments, microphones and public address systems. They must also be efficient in digital data recording, operations of the net, audio systems and computers</b></div>
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<u><b>TV journalism</b></u></div>
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<b>TV is an audiovisual communication tool. It requires the attention of two senses of the targeted individual- audio and visual. Hence the TV journalist has not only to give pleasing music, voice, or other audio signals to the targeted audience but also has to mesmerize them with the help of his personality, mannerism, video footage and appropriate colour combinations.</b></div>
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<u><b>Cyber journalism</b></u></div>
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<b>Internet is a source of all kind of information. Internet journalist is a person who creates messages to be displayed on the web sites that are to be read, viewed or listened to by a very large audience. Professionals of this new stream are web masters; multimedia specialists, HTML and XHTML programmers, Java specialists and other professionals who create and modify advertisements for the NET. They also create web sites which are mass communication tools.</b></div>
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<u><b>Role and responsibilities of a journalist</b></u></div>
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<b>The main duty of a journalist is to act as an interpreter of the world around. The journalist observes the events, transmits facts about the event and act as an interpreter of these events and happenings.</b></div>
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<b><u>A journalist performs the following roles:</u></b></div>
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<b>1. Make people aware of the contemporary world.</b></div>
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<b>2. Inform and educate the audience.</b></div>
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<b>3. Promote art and culture.</b></div>
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<b>4. Entertain the mass.</b></div>
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<b>5. Help people in decision making.</b></div>
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<b>6. Make people sensitive to burning issues.</b></div>
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<b>7. Instill good moral values.</b></div>
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<b>8. Make people aware of their rights.</b></div>
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<b>9. Help people in comparative study of past and present and in predicting future.</b></div>
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<b><u>The MacBride report spells out journalistic responsibilities as:</u></b></div>
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<b>1. Contractual responsibility in relation to their media and their internal organization.</b></div>
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<b>2. A social responsibility entailing obligations towards public opinion and society as a whole</b></div>
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<b>3. Responsibility or liability deriving from the obligation to comply with the law.</b></div>
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<b>4. Responsibility towards the international community relating to respect for human values.</b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-76658231635695125232014-04-06T07:42:00.004-07:002014-04-06T07:42:49.402-07:00FUTURE OF THE EARTH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><span style="line-height: 21px;">The biological and geological future of the Earth can be extrapolated based upon the estimated effects of several long-term influences. These include the chemistry at the Earth's surface, the rate of cooling of the planet's interior, the gravitational interactions with other objects in the Solar System, and a steady increase in the Sun's luminosity. An uncertain factor in this extrapolation is the ongoing influence of technology introduced by humans, such as geoengineering,</span><span style="line-height: 11.666666030883789px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">which could cause significant changes to the planet.</span><span style="line-height: 21px;"> The current </span>biotic crisis<span style="line-height: 21px;"> is being caused by technology</span><span style="line-height: 14px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 21px;">and the effects may last for up to five million years.</span><span style="line-height: 21px;"> In turn, technology may result in the </span>extinction of humanity<span style="line-height: 21px;">, leaving the planet to gradually return to a slower evolutionary pace resulting solely from long-term natural processes.</span><span style="line-height: 1;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-geo2_3_113_9-0" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: -webkit-isolate;"></sup></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">Over time intervals of hundreds of millions of years, random celestial events pose a global risk to the biosphere, which can result in mass extinctions. These include impacts by comets or asteroids with diameters of 5–10 km (3.1–6.2 mi) or more, and the possibility of a massive stellar explosion, called a supernova, within a 100-light-year radius from the Sun, called a Near-Earth supernova. Other large-scale geological events are more predictable. If the long-term effects of global warming are disregarded, Milankovitch theory predicts that the planet will continue to undergo glacial periods at least until the quaternary glaciation comes to an end. These periods are caused by eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession of the Earth's orbit. As part of the ongoing super continent cycle, plate tectonics will probably result in a super continent in 250–350 million years. Some time in the next 1.5–4.5 billion years, the axial tilt of the Earth may begin to undergo chaotic variations, with changes in the axial tilt of up to 90°.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">During the next four billion years, the luminosity of the Sun will steadily increase, resulting in a rise in the solar radiation reaching the Earth. This will cause a higher rate of weathering of silicate minerals, which will cause a decrease in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In about 600 million years, the level of <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">CO</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: yellow;"><span class="chemf" style="background-color: #38761d; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; vertical-align: -0.4em;">2</span></span><span style="background-color: #38761d;"> will fall below the level needed to sustain C</span><sub style="background-color: #38761d; line-height: 1;">3</sub><span style="background-color: #38761d;"> carbon fixation photosynthesis used by trees. Some plants use the C<sub style="line-height: 1;">4</sub> carbon fixation method, allowing them to persist at <span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;">CO</span></span></span></b></div>
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<b><b><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><span class="chemf" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: -0.3em; vertical-align: -0.4em;">2</span></span> concentrations as low as 10 parts per million. However, the long-term trend is for plant life to die off altogether. The extinction of plants will be the demise of almost all animal life, since plants are the base of the food chain on Earth.</span></b></b></div>
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<b><span style="line-height: 21px;"><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;">In about 1</span><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="background-color: #38761d;">.1 billion years, the solar luminosity will be 10% higher than at present. This will cause the atmosphere to become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans. As a likely consequence, plate tectonics will come to an end. Following this event, the planet's magnetic dynamo may come to an end, causing the magnetosphere to decay and leading to an accelerated loss of volatiles from the outer atmosphere. Four billion years from now, the increase in the Earth's surface temperature will cause a runaway greenhouse effect. By that point, most if not all the life on the surface will be extinct.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow; line-height: 11.666666030883789px;">.</span><span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow; line-height: 21px;"> The most probable fate of the planet is absorption by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years, after the star has entered the red giant phase and expanded to cross the planet's current orbit.</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-12809740151635838232014-04-04T01:43:00.003-07:002014-04-04T01:43:23.875-07:00 HUMAN BEAUTY<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><b>The characterization of a person as “beautiful”, whether on an individual basis or by community consensus, is often based on some combination of <i>inner beauty</i>, which includes psychological factors such as personality, intelligence, grace, politeness, charisma, integrity,congruence and elegance, and <i>outer beauty</i> (i.e. physical attractiveness) which includes physical attributes which are valued on an aesthetic basis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><b>Standards of beauty have changed over time, based on changing cultural values. Historically, paintings show a wide range of different standards for beauty. However, humans who are relatively young, with smooth skin, well-proportioned bodies, and regular features, have traditionally been considered the most beautiful throughout history.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><b>A strong indicator of physical beauty is "averageness", or "koinophilia". When images of human faces are averaged together to form a composite image, they become progressively closer to the "ideal" image and are perceived as more attractive. This was first noticed in 1883, when Francis Galton, cousin of Charles Darwin, overlaid photographic composite images of the faces of vegetarians and criminals to see if there was a typical facial appearance for each. When doing this, he noticed that the composite images were more attractive compared to any of the individual images.</b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;">A feature of beautiful women that has been explored by researchers is a waist–hip ratio of approximately 0.70. Physiologists have shown that women with hourglass figures are more fertile than other women due to higher levels of certain female hormones, a fact that may subconsciously condition males choosing mates.Researchers have replicated the result under more controlled conditions and found that the computer generated, mathematical average of a series of faces is rated more favorably than individual faces. Evolutionarily, it makes logical sense that sexual creatures should be attracted to mates who possess predominantly common or average features.</b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><b>People are influenced by the images they see in the media to determine what is or is not beautiful. Some feminists and doctors have suggested that the very thin models featured in magazines promote eating disorders, and others have argued that the predominance of white women featured in movies and advertising leads to a Eurocentric concept of beauty, feelings of inferiority in women of color, and internalized racism.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><b>The black is beautiful cultural movement sought to dispel this notion.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #38761d; color: yellow;"><b>The concept of beauty in men is known as 'bishōnen' in Japan. Bishōnen refers to males with distinctly feminine features, physical characteristics establishing the standard of beauty in Japan and typically exhibited in their pop culture idols. A multi-billion-dollar industry of Japanese Aesthetic Salons exists for this reason.</b></span></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-50962958510857883552014-03-30T06:06:00.001-07:002014-03-30T06:06:25.947-07:00 Ronaldo - Greatest football player<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;"><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima born 18 September 1976) commonly known as Ronaldo, is a retired Brazilian footballer. Popularly dubbed "the phenomenon", he is considered by experts and fans to be one of the greatest football players of all time.</span><span style="line-height: 10.828125px;">.</span><span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">He is one of only three men to have won the FIFA World Player of the Year award three times or more, along with Zinedine Zidane andLionel Messi. He won his first Ballon d'Or in 1997 and won the award again in </span>2002<span style="line-height: 19.1875px;">.</span></span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Considered by many the most complete striker in the past thirty years, in 2007 he was named a member of the best starting eleven of all-time by France Football and was named to the FIFA 100, a list of the greatest footballers compiled by Pelé. In 2010, he was voted Goal.com's "Player of the Decade" in an online poll, gathering 43.63 percent of all votes and was also included as centre forward in the "Team of the Decade". In February 2010, Ronaldo announced that he would retire after the 2011 season, signing a two-year contract extension with Corinthians at the same time.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Ronaldo played for Brazil in 98 matches, scoring 62 goals, and is the second highest goalscorer for his national team. Aged 17, he was a part of the Brazilian squad that won the 1994 FIFA World Cup. At the 1998 World Cup he helped Brazil reach the final and won the Golden Ball for player of the tournament. He won a second World Cup in 2002 where he received the Golden Boot as top goalscorer. During the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Ronaldo became the highest goalscorer in World Cup history with his fifteenth goal, surpassing Gerd Müller's previous record of fourteen.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Having suffered a string of serious injuries throughout his career, Ronaldo retired on 14 February 2011, citing pain and hypothyroidism as the reasons for his premature retirement. In January 2013 he was named one of the six Ambassadors of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, the others being Amarildo, Bebeto, Carlos Alberto Torres,Marta and Mario Zagallo</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-60339773283724245852014-03-29T09:09:00.000-07:002014-03-29T09:17:56.783-07:00 'Mending Wall'-poem-and summary--Robert Frost<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b> <span style="color: magenta;"> Robert Frost</span></b></div>
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<b>The poet was born on 26th March, 1874 Frost’s parents were of Scottish and </b><b>English descent and he lived in California and Sanfransisco during his early years. </b><b>Frost's father was a teacher, and later he became the editor of the San Francisco Evening </b><b>Bulletin .The poet lived in close association with rural life durin his early days and </b><b>moved to the city later. So he frequently uses themes from rural life in New England in </b><b>his poems. Most of his poems centre around complex, social and philosophical themes. </b><b>He ranks one among the best American poets and was honoured for receiving four </b><b>Pulitzer Prizes. His first poem, "My Butterfly: An Elegy" was published in the</b></div>
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<b>November 8, 1894 edition of the New York Independent. He married Elinor Miriam </b><b>White, and attended Harvard University for two years. Frost ‘s grandfather purchased a </b><b>farm for the young couple in Derry, New Hampshire, and Frost worked on the farm for </b><b>nine years and wrote many of the poems that later became famous. His attempts at </b><b>farming were not successful and Frost returned to education as an English teacher at </b><b>Pinkerton Academy from 1906 to 1911, then at the New Hampshire Normal School . In </b><b>1912, Frost sailed with his family to Great Britain, and his first book of poetry, A Boy's </b><b>Will, was published the next year. In England he got the acquaintance of all the leading </b><b>poets of the time. When the first world war began Frost returned to America in 1915 and </b><b>resumed his vocation as a teacher and poet. He died a little more than two years later, in </b><b>Boston, on January 29, 1963.</b></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b> Mending Wall"</b></span></div>
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<b>Something there is that doesn't love a wall,</b></div>
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<b>That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it,</b></div>
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<b>And spills the upper boulders in the sun;</b></div>
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<b>And makes gaps even two can pass abreast.</b></div>
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<b>The work of hunters is another thing:</b></div>
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<b>I have come after them and made repair</b></div>
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<b>Where they have left not one stone on a stone,</b></div>
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<b>But they would have the rabbit out of hiding,</b></div>
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<b>To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean,</b></div>
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<b>No one has seen them made or heard them made,</b></div>
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<b>But at spring mending-time we find them there.</b></div>
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<b>I let my neighbour know beyond the hill;</b></div>
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<b>And on a day we meet to walk the line</b></div>
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<b>And set the wall between us once again.</b></div>
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<b>We keep the wall between us as we go.</b></div>
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<b>To each the boulders that have fallen to each.</b></div>
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<b>And some are loaves and some so nearly balls</b></div>
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<b>We have to use a spell to make them balance:</b></div>
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<b>"Stay where you are until our backs are turned!"</b></div>
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<b>We wear our fingers rough with handling them.</b></div>
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<b>Oh, just another kind of out-door game,</b></div>
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<b>One on a side. It comes to little more:</b></div>
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<b>There where it is we do not need the wall:</b></div>
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<b>He is all pine and I am apple orchard.</b></div>
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<b>My apple trees will never get across</b></div>
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<b>And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.</b></div>
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<b>He only says, "Good fences make good neighbours."</b></div>
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<b>Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder</b></div>
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<b>If I could put a notion in his head:</b></div>
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<b>"Why do they make good neighbours? Isn't it</b></div>
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<b>Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.</b></div>
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<b>Before I built a wall I'd ask to know</b></div>
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<b>What I was walling in or walling out,</b></div>
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<b>And to whom I was like to give offence.</b></div>
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<b>Something there is that doesn't love a wall,</b></div>
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<b>That wants it down." I could say "Elves" to him,</b></div>
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<b>But it's not elves exactly, and I'd rather</b></div>
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<b>He said it for himself. I see him there</b></div>
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<b>Bringing a stone grasped firmly by the top</b></div>
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<b>In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed.</b></div>
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<b>He moves in darkness as it seems to me,</b></div>
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<b>Not of woods only and the shade of trees.</b></div>
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<b>He will not go behind his father's saying,</b></div>
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<b>And he likes having thought of it so well</b></div>
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<b>He says again, "Good fences make good neighbors."</b></div>
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<i><b> <span style="color: blue;"> Poem Summary</span></b></i></div>
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<b>In “The Mending Wall” Robert Frost makes use of the image of a wall to drive </b><b>home the lesson that people unnecessarily create boundaries around themselves. The wall </b><b>separating the farm of two neighbors is introduced as a primary symbol in the poem. </b><b>Frost begins the poem by stating that there is something in nature that does not like wall. </b><b>So it swells the ground beneath and manages to disintegrate the wall to such an extent </b><b>that even two men can pass abreast through the opening. </b><b>The poet is sure that the destruction of walls is not the work of rabbit hunters. The </b><b>force that destroys the wall is unnameable. There is a mystery about who or what doesn't </b><b>like a wall. No one has seen the holes being made but at springtime there are big holes in </b><b>the wall.The narrator and his neighbour meet on a specified date and rebuild the wall. </b><b>Rebuilding the wall is a laborious task. The stones are uneven in size and shape and they </b><b>have to balance them delicately.They are tired by the time the wall is rebuilt.The speaker </b><b>reinforces the idea that these breaks created by nature are more mysterious than those </b><b>made by the hunters. This action cannot be observed, though the effects are consistent </b><b>year after year. </b><b>The speaker (poet) does not like a wall. He keeps rebuilding it only to please </b><b>his neighbor. Very humorously Frost says:</b></div>
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<b>“He is all pine and I am apple orchard.</b></div>
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<b>My apple trees will never get across</b></div>
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<b>And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.”</b></div>
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<b>Both of them have different crops in their orchard. The pine cones will not walk </b><b>up and eat the apples or vice versa. Yet his neighbour insists on building walls saying that </b><b>good fences make good neighbours. The separation between them is also emphasized in </b><b>the fact that they walk on opposite sides of the wall and as they are each responsible for </b><b>replacing the stones that have fallen on each one’s side. While they are performing this </b><b>act together, they do not actually assist each other.</b></div>
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<b>Frost’s tone becomes playful in the lines, when he says that farmers often use </b><b>fences to keep their livestock separated. Such a fence is unnecessary because they have </b><b>only pine and apple trees, not cows or cattle. Again, the speaker considers trying to </b><b>provoke his neighbor with practical objections, but he never makes this statement out </b><b>loud.</b></div>
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<b>In the concluding sections, Frost becomes philosophical and speculates abstractly. </b><b>He wants to know what they are “walling in” and “walling out.” The double function of a </b><b>wall is addressed, for not only are outsiders prevented from entry, but insiders are trapped </b><b>inside. The speaker considers the possibility that walls “give offence” as he himself </b><b>seems to be slightly offended, but he never reaches a conclusion about what it is within </b><b>himself that is either walled in or walled out. Nor does he say that he himself doesn't love </b><b>a wall, only that “something” doesn't He muses that “Elves” might have destroyed their </b><b>wall. In the speaker’s eyes the neighbor resembles a savage, an old storage man armed </b><b>with a stone. He implies that the neighbor is also using the stones as weapons; he is </b><b>“armed.” In a sense, then, the fence becomes a weapon, even if its purpose is primarily </b><b>defense. The speaker then moves from thoughts of the Stone Age to thoughts of the Dark </b><b>Ages, where darkness functions as a symbol for a lack of insight that is understood as </b><b>progress. His darkness is more than physical darkness provided by the shade. There is </b><b>also emotional darkness in his refusal to leave the wall unmended. Frost concludes saying </b><b>that his neighbor will not change his ideas, nor will he give up the practices set forth by </b><b>his father. Like a savage the man keeps repeating “Good fences make good neighbors”.</b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1548521211784204969.post-44031526599481297292014-03-28T07:51:00.006-07:002014-03-28T07:51:55.174-07:00Satellite television<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Satellite television is television programming delivered by the means of communications satellite and received by an outdoor antenna, usually a parabolic reflector generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tuner module built into a television set. Satellite television tuners are also available as a card or a USB peripheral to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not serviced by terrestrial or cable providers.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Direct-broadcast satellite television comes to the general public in two distinct flavors – analog and digital. This necessitates either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital satellite receiver. Analog satellite television is being replaced by digital satellite television and the latter is becoming available in a better quality known as high-definition television.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Satellites used for television signals are generally in either naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of +/-63.4 degrees and orbital period of about twelve hours, also known as Molniya orbit) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km (23,000 mi) above the earth's equator.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite, starts with a transmitting antenna located at an up link facility. Up link satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters (30 to 40 feet) in diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is pointed toward a specific satellite and the up linked signals are transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that satellite. The transponder 'retransmits' the signals back to Earth but at a different frequency band (a process known as translation, used to avoid interference with the uplink signal), typically in the C-band (4–8 GHz) or K<sub style="line-height: 1em;">u</sub>-band (12–18 GHz) or both. The leg of the signal path from the satellite to the receiving Earth station is called the downlink.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">A typical satellite has up to 32 transponders for Ku-band and up to 24 for a C-band only satellite, or more for hybrid satellites. Typical transponders each have a bandwidth between 27 and 50 MHz. Each geostationary C-band satellite needs to be spaced 2° from the next satellite to avoid interference; for K<sub style="line-height: 1em;">u</sub>. the spacing can be 1°. This means that there is an upper limit of 360/2 = 180 geostationary C-band satellites and 360/1 = 360 geostationary K<sub style="line-height: 1em;">u</sub>-band satellites. C-band transmission is susceptible to terrestrial interference while K<sub style="line-height: 1em;">u</sub>-band transmission is affected by rain (as water is an excellent absorbed of microwaves at this particular frequency). The latter is even more adversely affected by ice crystals in thunder clouds.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">On occasion, sun outage will occur when the sun lines up directly behind the geostationary satellite the reception antenna is pointing to. This will happen twice a year at around midday for a two-week period in the spring and in the fall, and affects both the C-band and the K<sub style="line-height: 1em;">u</sub>-band. The line-up swamps out all reception for a few minutes due to the sun emitting microwaves on the same frequencies used by the satellite's transponders.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">The down linked satellite signal, quite weak after traveling the great distance (see inverse-square law), can be collected by using a parabolic receiving dish, which reflects the weak signal to the dish's focal point. Mounted on brackets at the dish's focal point is a device called a feed horn. This feed horn is essentially the flared front-end of a section of wave guide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and 'conducts' them to a probe or pickup connected to a low-noise block down converter or LNB. The LNB amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the block of frequencies in which the satellite television signals are transmitted, and converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range in the L-band range. The evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">The original C-Band satellite television systems used a Low Noise Amplifier connected to the feed horn at the focal point of the dish. The amplified signal was then fed via very expensive and sometimes 50 ohm impedance gas filled hardline coaxial cable to an indoor receiver or, in other designs, fed to a down converter (a mixer and a voltage tuned oscillator with some filter circuitry) for down conversion to an intermediate frequency. The channel selection was controlled, typically by a voltage tuned oscillator with the tuning voltage being fed via a separate cable to the headend. But this design evolved.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Designs for microstrip based converters for Amateur Radio frequencies were adapted for the 4 GHz C-Band. Central to these designs was concept of block downconversion of a range of frequencies to a lower, and technologically more easily handled block of frequencies (intermediate frequency).</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be used to connect the indoor receiver with the satellite television dish and LNB, and that the technology for handling the signal at L-Band and UHF was far cheaper than that for handling the signal at C-Band frequencies. The shift to cheaper technology from the 50 Ohm impedance cable and N-Connectors of the early C-Band systems to the cheaper 75 Ohm technology and F-Connectors allowed the early satellite television receivers to use, what were in reality, modified UHFtelevision tuners which selected the satellite television channel for down conversion to another lower intermediate frequency centered on 70 MHz where it was demodulated. This shift allowed the satellite television DTH industry to change from being a largely hobbyist one where receivers were built in low numbers and complete systems were expensive (costing thousands of dollars) to a far more commercial one of mass production.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">Direct broadcast satellite dishes are fitted with an LNBF, which integrates the feed horn with the LNB.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">In the United States, service providers use the intermediate frequency ranges of 950-2150 MHz to carry the signal to the receiver. This allows for transmission of UHF band signals along the same span of coaxial wire at the same time. In some applications (DirecTV AU9-S and AT-9), ranges the lower B-Band and upper 2250-3000 MHz, are used. Newer LNBFs in use by DirecTV referred to as SWM (Single Wire Multiswitch), See also Single Cable Distribution, use a less limited frequency range of 2-2150 MHz.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">The satellite receiver or set-top box demodulates and converts the signals to the desired form (outputs for television, audio, data, etc.). Sometimes, the receiver includes the capability to unscramble or decrypt the received signal; the receiver is then called an integrated receiver/decoder or IRD. The cable connecting the receiver to the LNBF or LNB should be of the low loss type RG-6, quad shield RG-6 or RG-11, etc. RG-59 is not recommended for this application as it is not technically designed to carry frequencies above 950 MHz, but will work in many circumstances, depending on the quality of the coaxial wire.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">A practical problem relating to satellite home reception is that basically an LNB can only handle a single receiver. This is due to the fact that the LNB is mapping two different circular polarizations – right hand and left hand – and in the case of the K-band two different reception bands – lower and upper – to one and the same frequency band on the cable. Depending on which frequency a transponder is transmitting at and on what polarization it is using, the satellite receiver has to switch the LNB into one of four different modes in order to receive a specific desired program on a specific transponder. This is handled by the receiver using the DiSEqC protocol to control the LNB mode. If several satellite receivers are to be attached to a single dish a so-called multiswitch will have to be used in conjunction with a special type of LNB. There are also LNBs available with a multiswitch already integrated. This problem becomes more complicated when several receivers are to use several dishes (or several LNBs mounted in a single dish) pointing to different satellites.</span></b></div>
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<b style="background-color: #38761d;"><span style="color: yellow;">A common solution for consumers wanting to access multiple satellites is to deploy a single dish with a single LNB and to rotate the dish using an electric motor. The axis of rotation has to be set up in the north-south direction and, depending on the geographical location of the dish, have a specific vertical tilt. Set up properly the motorized dish when turned will sweep across all possible positions for satellites lined up along the geostationary orbit directly above the equator. The disk will then be capable of receiving any geostationary satellite that is visible at the specific location, i.e. that is above the horizon. The DiSEqC protocol has been extended to encompass commands for steering dish rotors.</span></b></div>
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veenahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03762352577514160919noreply@blogger.com0